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Nasser F. BinDhim
Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia

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Nasser F BinDhim is a national research leader, interested in research information systems development and atomization of research processes in health and social sciences. He is also interested in developing new systematic research and sampling methodologies and survallance systems.

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Journal article
Published: 16 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Although some studies have explored the effects of responses to COVID-19 on mortality, there are limited data on their effects on more immediate health risk factors and the trends of chronic diseases. Objective: To explore the prevalence of some behavioral health risk factors, intermediate risk factors, and chronic diseases at different timepoints during 2020 using the data available from a currently used surveillance system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study undertook a secondary analysis of data from the Sharik Health Indicators Surveillance System (SHISS). The SHISS employs short cross-sectional phone interviews, conducted in all 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia on a quarterly basis. Each interview lasts approximately 4 min and is conducted by a trained data collector. The SHISS collects demographic data, as well as data on the major behavioral and intermediate chronic disease risk factors and the major chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. Results: Of the 44,782 potential participants contacted in 2020, 30,134 completed the interview, with a response rate of 67.29%. Out of the total participants, 51.2% were female. The mean age was 36.5. The behavioral risk factors in this period exhibited significant changes compared to those in the first quarter (Q1) of 2020, when there were no significant restrictions on daily activities. These significant changes are related to reductions in fruit and vegetable intake (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.23) and physical activity (AOR, 0.483), and a significant increase in e-cigarette use (AOR 1.531). In terms of the intermediate risk factors observed in the SHISS, significant increases in hypercholesterolemia (AOR, 1.225) and hypertension (AOR, 1.190) were observed. Finally, heart disease (AOR, 1.279) and diabetes (AOR, 1.138) displayed significant increases compared to Q1. Conclusions: This study shows some evidence of the impact of responses to COVID-19 on the health of the population in Saudi Arabia. Significant reductions in fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity, and significant increases in e-cigarette use, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia may increase the burden of chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia in the near future. Thus, continuous monitoring of the health risk factors within the population, and early interventions, are recommended to prevent future increases in chronic diseases.

ACS Style

Nasser F. BinDhim; Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Alanoud Alhakbani; Najat Alrashed; Elaf Almahmoud; Rawan AlAloula; Saleh A. Alqahtani. Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 Response on Population Health in Saudi Arabia: Results from the “Sharik” Health Indicators Surveillance System during 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5291 .

AMA Style

Nasser F. BinDhim, Nora A. Althumiri, Mada H. Basyouni, Norah AlMousa, Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim, Alanoud Alhakbani, Najat Alrashed, Elaf Almahmoud, Rawan AlAloula, Saleh A. Alqahtani. Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 Response on Population Health in Saudi Arabia: Results from the “Sharik” Health Indicators Surveillance System during 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (10):5291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F. BinDhim; Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Alanoud Alhakbani; Najat Alrashed; Elaf Almahmoud; Rawan AlAloula; Saleh A. Alqahtani. 2021. "Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 Response on Population Health in Saudi Arabia: Results from the “Sharik” Health Indicators Surveillance System during 2020." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5291.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in JMIR Formative Research
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Background Saudi Arabia implemented a plain tobacco packaging regulation, one of the World Health Organization’s recommended initiatives to help reduce smoking rates, in August 2019. A few weeks after implementation, a large number of smokers complained via various media channels, especially social media (eg, Twitter), that an extreme change in cigarette taste had occurred, frequency of coughing had increased, and for some, shortness of breath had led to hospitalization. Objective The main objective is to determine whether smokers blinded to cigarette branding report differences in taste between branded and unbranded cigarettes. The secondary objective is to observe the frequency of immediate cough or shortness of breath. Methods This study employed a within-person, randomized crossover design that recruited current smokers 18 years and older who were cleared upon physical assessment before the experiment. Participants received 6 sequences of different random exposures (3 puffs) to 3 plain-packaged cigarettes (2 from their favorite brand and 1 from another brand as a control) and 3 branded cigarettes (2 from the favorite brand and 1 from another brand as a control). Participants wore virtual reality goggles accompanied by special software to alter visual reality and gloves to alter the touch sensation. Results This study recruited 18 participants, measured at 6 time points, to produce 108 experiments. Participants were not able to identify the correct type of cigarettes (plain or branded, estimate of fixed effect=−0.01, P=.79). Moreover, there were no differences in the ability of the participants to identify their favorite brand (t107=−0.63, mean 0.47, P=.53). In terms of immediate coughing, out of the 108 experiments, 1 episode of short coughing was observed, which was attributed to the branded cigarette, not the plain-packaged cigarette. Conclusions After controlling the visual and touch sensations, participants were not able to differentiate between branded and plain-packaged cigarettes in terms of taste or inducing immediate shortness of breath or cough. Interestingly, participants were not able to identify their favorite brand.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Rasha A Almubark; Zaied Alkhamaali; Weam Banjar; Mohammed Zamakhshary; Khaled M AlKattan. Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study. JMIR Formative Research 2021, 5, e24446 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Rasha A Almubark, Zaied Alkhamaali, Weam Banjar, Mohammed Zamakhshary, Khaled M AlKattan. Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study. JMIR Formative Research. 2021; 5 (5):e24446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Rasha A Almubark; Zaied Alkhamaali; Weam Banjar; Mohammed Zamakhshary; Khaled M AlKattan. 2021. "Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 5: e24446.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2021 in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
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Background The relationship between physical activity and mental health, especially the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), has received increasing attention in recent years. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the association between fulfilling the World Health Organization (WHO) global recommendations on physical activity and the risk and symptoms of MDD and GAD in the Saudi population. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of data from a large nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via phone interviews in June and July 2020. In this study, a proportional quota sampling technique was used to obtain an equal distribution of participants, stratified by age and gender, across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. The main mental health screening tool used for the risk of MDD was the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Risk of GAD was measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Participants self-reported whether they fulfill the WHO global recommendations on (1) moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (MIPA) and (2) vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (VIPA). The results were then analyzed based on the following two categories: fulfilling the WHO global recommendations or not. Results The data analysis included 8333 participants recruited in the main study between June and July 2020. The response rate was 81.45% (8333/10,231). Of them, 50.3% (4192/8333) were female, and the mean age was 36.5 years, with a median age of 36 years and a range from 18 to 90 years. The average total PHQ-9 score was 5.61, and the average total GAD-7 score was 4.18. For men, the average total PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were associated with fulfilling recommendations for MIPA; however, there were no associations for VIPA in both sexes. Fulfilling the WHO’s recommendations for MIPA was associated with considerably fewer depressive symptoms in six of the nine items in the PHQ-9. Moreover, fulfilling recommendations for MIPA was associated with considerably fewer anxiety symptoms in six of the seven items in the GAD-7. However, fulfilling recommendations for VIPA was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms in one of the PHQ-9 items (“Thoughts that you would be better off dead or thoughts of hurting yourself in some way;” P<.001). Conclusions This study has shown that fulfilling guidelines on MIPA is associated with less overall risk of MDD and GAD in males and fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms generally in a nonclinical population. In the general population, an increase in MIPA may improve well-being and general mental health.

ACS Style

Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Nasser F BinDhim. Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Saudi Arabian Adults: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 2021, 7, e25438 .

AMA Style

Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Nasser F BinDhim. Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Saudi Arabian Adults: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2021; 7 (4):e25438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Nasser F BinDhim. 2021. "Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Saudi Arabian Adults: Cross-sectional Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 4: e25438.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2021 in Foods
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Background: Food waste and food insecurity may co-exist in various balances in developing and developed countries. This study aimed to explore the levels of food waste and food insecurity, the factors associated with them, and their relationships at the household and individual levels in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via computer-assisted phone interviews in January 2021. Quota sampling was utilized to generate balanced distributions of participants by gender across all the administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. Data collection included household demographics, food waste and disposal, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Results: Out of the 2807 potential participants contacted, 2454 (87.4%) completed the interview. The mean age was 31.4 (SD = 11.7; range = 18–99) and 50.1% were female. The weighted prevalence of uncooked food waste in the last four weeks was 63.6% and the cooked food waste was 74.4%. However, the food insecurity weighted prevalence at the individual level (FIES) was 6.8%. In terms of food insecurity at the household level (HFIAS), 13.3% were in the “severely food insecure” category. Moreover, this study found that “moderately food insecure” households were associated with an increased likelihood to waste uncooked food (relative risk (RR) = 1.25), and the “mildly food insecure” (RR = 1.21) and “moderately food insecure” (RR = 1.17) households were associated with an increased likelihood to waste cooked food. However, “food secure” households were associated with a decreased likelihood to waste cooked food (RR = 0.56). Finally, this study identified four household factors associated with food waste and three household factors that were associated with “severe food insecurity.” Conclusions: This first national coverage study to explore food waste and food insecurity at the individual level and household level, identified household factors associated with food waste and food insecurity and identified new associations between food waste and food insecurity in Saudi Arabia. The associations found between food waste and food insecurity are potential areas of intervention to reduce both food waste and food insecurity at the same time, toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to food waste and food security.

ACS Style

Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Ali F. Duhaim; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Nasser F. BinDhim. Understanding Food Waste, Food Insecurity, and the Gap between the Two: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. Foods 2021, 10, 681 .

AMA Style

Nora A. Althumiri, Mada H. Basyouni, Ali F. Duhaim, Norah AlMousa, Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim, Nasser F. BinDhim. Understanding Food Waste, Food Insecurity, and the Gap between the Two: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. Foods. 2021; 10 (3):681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Ali F. Duhaim; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Nasser F. BinDhim. 2021. "Understanding Food Waste, Food Insecurity, and the Gap between the Two: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia." Foods 10, no. 3: 681.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Healthcare
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The global prevalence of obesity is increasing. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases and health conditions. This study aims to estimate the current prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia and described the current national-level status of the association between obesity and various health conditions. This study is a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted over phone-interviews in June 2020. In this study, a proportional quota-sampling technique was used to obtain equal distributions of participants, stratified by age and gender, across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. Weight and height were self-reported, and the obesity was determined as BMI ≥ 30. Logistic regression adjusted for age and gender was used for exploring current associations between obesity and health conditions. Of the 6239 participants contacted, 4709 participants responded and completed the interview with a response rate of 75.48%. Of them, 50.1% were female, the mean age was 36.4 ± 13.5 (Range: 18–90), and the median age was 36. The national weighted prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was 24.7%, and the prevalence in the sample (unweighted) was 21.7%. Obesity was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes [Odd ratio, (OR) = 1.52], hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.69), hypertension (OR = 1.61), lung diseases (OR = 1.69), rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 1.57), sleep apnea (OR = 1.82), colon diseases (OR = 1.31), and thyroid disorders (OR = 1.8). This study provides an update on the recent prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia. It also shows the variation in prevalence rates between different regions, which might be explored further. Although obesity shows a decreasing trend, almost one-quarter of this study sample were obese. Obesity is currently associated with many health conditions that can affect the individuals’ quality of life, impose stress on the healthcare system and impose an economic burden on the country. This evidence highlights the need for action to focus more on obesity in Saudi Arabia.

ACS Style

Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Rasha A. Almubark; Nasser F. BinDhim; Zaied Alkhamaali; Saleh A. Alqahtani. Obesity in Saudi Arabia in 2020: Prevalence, Distribution, and Its Current Association with Various Health Conditions. Healthcare 2021, 9, 311 .

AMA Style

Nora A. Althumiri, Mada H. Basyouni, Norah AlMousa, Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim, Rasha A. Almubark, Nasser F. BinDhim, Zaied Alkhamaali, Saleh A. Alqahtani. Obesity in Saudi Arabia in 2020: Prevalence, Distribution, and Its Current Association with Various Health Conditions. Healthcare. 2021; 9 (3):311.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Rasha A. Almubark; Nasser F. BinDhim; Zaied Alkhamaali; Saleh A. Alqahtani. 2021. "Obesity in Saudi Arabia in 2020: Prevalence, Distribution, and Its Current Association with Various Health Conditions." Healthcare 9, no. 3: 311.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Food allergies are a potentially life-threatening health issue, and few studies have determined their prevalence throughout Saudi Arabia. The main objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of self-reported food allergies, and explore their association with other health conditions among adults in Saudi Arabia. This study was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via phone interviews in June 2020. A proportional quota-sampling technique was used to obtain equal distributions of participants by age and gender across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. Self-reported food allergy, height, weight, health conditions, mental health status, and demographic variables were collected. Of the 6239 participants contacted, 4709 (75.48%) participants responded and completed the interview. Furthermore, 50.1% of the participants were female, with a mean age of 36.4 ± 13.5 years (18–90 years). The prevalence of food allergies was 19.7%. The most self-reported food allergies were egg, shellfish and shrimp, and peanuts, with a prevalence of 3.7%, 3.1%, and 3.0%, respectively. There was an association between the presence of food allergies and reported bariatric surgery, asthma, colon disease, and being at risk of depression. Bariatric surgery was significantly associated with lower likelihood of self-reported allergy (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.22–2.34, p = 0.002). This study revealed, for the first time, a high prevalence of self-reported food allergies among adults in Saudi Arabia in a large nationwide sample, and food allergy association with bariatric surgery, asthma, colon disease, and being at risk of depression. This information is valuable for clinicians and policymakers, particularly in terms of food allergen labeling.

ACS Style

Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Nasser F. BinDhim; Saleh A. Alqahtani. Prevalence of Self-Reported Food Allergies and Their Association with Other Health Conditions among Adults in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 347 .

AMA Style

Nora A. Althumiri, Mada H. Basyouni, Norah AlMousa, Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim, Nasser F. BinDhim, Saleh A. Alqahtani. Prevalence of Self-Reported Food Allergies and Their Association with Other Health Conditions among Adults in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (1):347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Norah AlMousa; Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim; Nasser F. BinDhim; Saleh A. Alqahtani. 2021. "Prevalence of Self-Reported Food Allergies and Their Association with Other Health Conditions among Adults in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 347.

Clinical research article
Published: 01 January 2021 in European Journal of Psychotraumatology
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Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations’ mental health has started to emerge. Objectives: To describe the mental health trends of the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) between May and August 2020. It also compares the results with pre-COVID-19 results and identifies risk factors associated with increased likelihood of being at risk of MDD and GAD. Method: This study utilizes repeated cross-sectional design, at national-level coverage of mental health screenings via computer-assisted phone interviews conducted in four waves monthly (between May and August 2020). Arabic-speaking adults from Saudi Arabia were recruited via a random phone list. The questionnaire includes the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Pre-COVID-19 comparison was done using the PHQ-2 score to allow for comparison with a previous and similar national study conducted in 2018. Results: Across the four waves, 16,513 participants completed the interviews, with an overall response rate of 81.3%. The weighted national prevalence of people at risk of MDD was 14.9% overall, and 13.8%, 13.6%, 16.8%, and 15.3% in Waves 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The weighted national prevalence of people at risk of GAD was 11.4%, overall, and 10.9%, 10.7%, 12.4%, and 11.7% in Waves 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The weighted national proportion of individuals who were at risk of MDD and GAD at the same time was 7.4% overall. The risk of MDD on PHQ-2 increased by 71.2%, from 12.5% in 2018 to 21.4% in 2020. Conclusions: The risks of MDD and GAD in this study are relatively high. These results can help decision makers to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the population’s mental health and the most-impacted subgroups.

ACS Style

Nasser F. BinDhim; Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Asem A. Alageel; Suliman Alghnam; Ada M. Al-Qunaibet; Rasha A. Almubarak; Shahla Aldhukair; Yasser Ad-Dab’Bagh. Saudi Arabia Mental Health Surveillance System (MHSS): mental health trends amid COVID-19 and comparison with pre-COVID-19 trends. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2021, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Nasser F. BinDhim, Nora A. Althumiri, Mada H. Basyouni, Asem A. Alageel, Suliman Alghnam, Ada M. Al-Qunaibet, Rasha A. Almubarak, Shahla Aldhukair, Yasser Ad-Dab’Bagh. Saudi Arabia Mental Health Surveillance System (MHSS): mental health trends amid COVID-19 and comparison with pre-COVID-19 trends. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2021; 12 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F. BinDhim; Nora A. Althumiri; Mada H. Basyouni; Asem A. Alageel; Suliman Alghnam; Ada M. Al-Qunaibet; Rasha A. Almubarak; Shahla Aldhukair; Yasser Ad-Dab’Bagh. 2021. "Saudi Arabia Mental Health Surveillance System (MHSS): mental health trends amid COVID-19 and comparison with pre-COVID-19 trends." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in JMIR Research Protocols
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Background The COVID-19 outbreak can potentially be categorized as a traumatic event. Public health surveillance is one of the cornerstones of public health practice, and it empowers decision makers to lead and manage public health crises and programs more effectively by providing timely and useful evidence. Objective This paper presents the protocol for a study that aims to identify, track, and monitor trends in the population in Saudi Arabia at risk of major depressive disorders and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study utilizes continuous, cross-sectional, national-level mental health screening via computer-assisted phone interviews, conducted in four waves on a monthly basis (between May and August 2020). Arabic-speaking adults, aged ≥18 years, and living in Saudi Arabia were recruited via a random phone list. This surveillance system used the proportional quota sampling technique to achieve an equal distribution of participants, stratified by age and gender, and region, within and across the 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. A sample size of 4056 participants per wave was calculated to achieve enough power to detect changes in mental health status. The questionnaire includes the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to measure depressive symptoms and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) to measure anxiety. In addition, it will collect data on sociodemographic variables and potential risk factors. Results Study recruitment began in May 2020. The data analysis was completed in October 2020, and the final report is expected to be published by the end of December 2020. Conclusions Monitoring the population’s mental health status during the COVID-19 pandemic will inform decision makers of any potential deterioration in mental health on a national level and among subgroups, including across regions, age groups, and gender groups. It will allow decision makers to recognize issues and intervene sooner. It will also provide valuable scientific data to help understand the effects of epidemics and pandemics on mental health. As far as we know, this is the only study that attempts to monitor the mental health status of the general population on a monthly basis. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/23748

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Asem A Alageel; Suliman Alghnam; Ada M Al-Qunaibet; Rasha A Almubark; Shahla Aldhukair; Yasser Ad-Dab'bagh. A Mental Health Surveillance System for the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Multiwave Cross-sectional Survey Study. JMIR Research Protocols 2020, 9, e23748 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Asem A Alageel, Suliman Alghnam, Ada M Al-Qunaibet, Rasha A Almubark, Shahla Aldhukair, Yasser Ad-Dab'bagh. A Mental Health Surveillance System for the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Multiwave Cross-sectional Survey Study. JMIR Research Protocols. 2020; 9 (11):e23748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Asem A Alageel; Suliman Alghnam; Ada M Al-Qunaibet; Rasha A Almubark; Shahla Aldhukair; Yasser Ad-Dab'bagh. 2020. "A Mental Health Surveillance System for the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Multiwave Cross-sectional Survey Study." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 11: e23748.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in JMIR Formative Research
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Background While it is most often associated with its effects on physical health, obesity is also associated with serious self-stigmatization. The lack of a suitable, validated tool to measure weight-related self-stigma in Arabic countries may be partly responsible for the scarcity of literature about this problem. Objective This study investigated the reliability and validity of an Arabic version of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ). Methods Data on the Arabic-translated version of the 12-item WSSQ were collected using two cross-sectional electronic questionnaires distributed among Saudi nationals through the Sharik Association for Health Research’s database in June 2020. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis of the Arabic WSSQ were assessed and compared with the original English version and other translations. Results For reliability analysis, 43 participants completed the Arabic WSSQ during two time periods. Internal consistency was α=.898 for the overall survey, α=.819 for the fear of enacted stigma subscale (factor 1), and α=.847 for the self-devaluation subscale (factor 2). The test-retest reliability of the intraclass correlation coefficient was α=.982. In the factor structure analysis, 295 participants completed the questionnaire. The Arabic WSSQ loading of the items was consistent with the original WSSQ, except for the loading of item 9, which was stronger in factor 2 than in factor 1. The two factors accounted for the observed variances of 47.7% and 10.6%. Conclusions The Arabic version of the WSSQ has good internal consistency and reliability, and the factorial structure is similar to that of the original WSSQ. The Arabic WSSQ is adaptable for clinicians seeking to assess weight-related self-stigma in Arabic-speaking people.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Omar T Sims; Noara Alhusseini; Saleh A Alqahtani. Arabic Translation of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire: Instrument Validation Study of Factor Structure and Reliability. JMIR Formative Research 2020, 4, e24169 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Omar T Sims, Noara Alhusseini, Saleh A Alqahtani. Arabic Translation of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire: Instrument Validation Study of Factor Structure and Reliability. JMIR Formative Research. 2020; 4 (11):e24169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Omar T Sims; Noara Alhusseini; Saleh A Alqahtani. 2020. "Arabic Translation of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire: Instrument Validation Study of Factor Structure and Reliability." JMIR Formative Research 4, no. 11: e24169.

Preprint content
Published: 02 November 2020
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BACKGROUND The relationship between physical activity and mental health, especially the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), has received increasing attention in recent years. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the association between fulfilling the World Health Organization (WHO) global recommendations on physical activity and the risk and symptoms of MDD and GAD in the Saudi population. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of data from a large nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via phone interviews in June and July 2020. In this study, a proportional quota sampling technique was used to obtain an equal distribution of participants, stratified by age and gender, across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. The main mental health screening tool used for the risk of MDD was the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Risk of GAD was measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Participants self-reported whether they fulfill the WHO global recommendations on (1) moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (MIPA) and (2) vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (VIPA). The results were then analyzed based on the following two categories: fulfilling the WHO global recommendations or not. RESULTS The data analysis included 8333 participants recruited in the main study between June and July 2020. The response rate was 81.45% (8333/10,231). Of them, 50.3% (4192/8333) were female, and the mean age was 36.5 years, with a median age of 36 years and a range from 18 to 90 years. The average total PHQ-9 score was 5.61, and the average total GAD-7 score was 4.18. For men, the average total PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were associated with fulfilling recommendations for MIPA; however, there were no associations for VIPA in both sexes. Fulfilling the WHO’s recommendations for MIPA was associated with considerably fewer depressive symptoms in six of the nine items in the PHQ-9. Moreover, fulfilling recommendations for MIPA was associated with considerably fewer anxiety symptoms in six of the seven items in the GAD-7. However, fulfilling recommendations for VIPA was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms in one of the PHQ-9 items (“Thoughts that you would be better off dead or thoughts of hurting yourself in some way;” P<.001). CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that fulfilling guidelines on MIPA is associated with less overall risk of MDD and GAD in males and fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms generally in a nonclinical population. In the general population, an increase in MIPA may improve well-being and general mental health.

ACS Style

Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Nasser F BinDhim. Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Saudi Arabian Adults: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Nasser F BinDhim. Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Saudi Arabian Adults: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Nasser F BinDhim. 2020. "Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Saudi Arabian Adults: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 24 September 2020
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BACKGROUND While it is most often associated with its effects on physical health, obesity is also associated with serious self-stigmatization. The lack of a suitable, validated tool to measure weight-related self-stigma in Arabic countries may be partly responsible for the scarcity of literature about this problem. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the reliability and validity of an Arabic version of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ). METHODS Data on the Arabic-translated version of the 12-item WSSQ were collected using two cross-sectional electronic questionnaires distributed among Saudi nationals through the Sharik Association for Health Research’s database in June 2020. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis of the Arabic WSSQ were assessed and compared with the original English version and other translations. RESULTS For reliability analysis, 43 participants completed the Arabic WSSQ during two time periods. Internal consistency was α=.898 for the overall survey, α=.819 for the fear of enacted stigma subscale (factor 1), and α=.847 for the self-devaluation subscale (factor 2). The test-retest reliability of the intraclass correlation coefficient was α=.982. In the factor structure analysis, 295 participants completed the questionnaire. The Arabic WSSQ loading of the items was consistent with the original WSSQ, except for the loading of item 9, which was stronger in factor 2 than in factor 1. The two factors accounted for the observed variances of 47.7% and 10.6%. CONCLUSIONS The Arabic version of the WSSQ has good internal consistency and reliability, and the factorial structure is similar to that of the original WSSQ. The Arabic WSSQ is adaptable for clinicians seeking to assess weight-related self-stigma in Arabic-speaking people.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Omar T Sims; Noara Alhusseini; Saleh A Alqahtani. Arabic Translation of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire: Instrument Validation Study of Factor Structure and Reliability (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Omar T Sims, Noara Alhusseini, Saleh A Alqahtani. Arabic Translation of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire: Instrument Validation Study of Factor Structure and Reliability (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Omar T Sims; Noara Alhusseini; Saleh A Alqahtani. 2020. "Arabic Translation of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire: Instrument Validation Study of Factor Structure and Reliability (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 21 September 2020
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BACKGROUND Saudi Arabia implemented a plain tobacco packaging regulation, one of the World Health Organization’s recommended initiatives to help reduce smoking rates, in August 2019. A few weeks after implementation, a large number of smokers complained via various media channels, especially social media (eg, Twitter), that an extreme change in cigarette taste had occurred, frequency of coughing had increased, and for some, shortness of breath had led to hospitalization. OBJECTIVE The main objective is to determine whether smokers blinded to cigarette branding report differences in taste between branded and unbranded cigarettes. The secondary objective is to observe the frequency of immediate cough or shortness of breath. METHODS This study employed a within-person, randomized crossover design that recruited current smokers 18 years and older who were cleared upon physical assessment before the experiment. Participants received 6 sequences of different random exposures (3 puffs) to 3 plain-packaged cigarettes (2 from their favorite brand and 1 from another brand as a control) and 3 branded cigarettes (2 from the favorite brand and 1 from another brand as a control). Participants wore virtual reality goggles accompanied by special software to alter visual reality and gloves to alter the touch sensation. RESULTS This study recruited 18 participants, measured at 6 time points, to produce 108 experiments. Participants were not able to identify the correct type of cigarettes (plain or branded, estimate of fixed effect=−0.01, P=.79). Moreover, there were no differences in the ability of the participants to identify their favorite brand (t107=−0.63, mean 0.47, P=.53). In terms of immediate coughing, out of the 108 experiments, 1 episode of short coughing was observed, which was attributed to the branded cigarette, not the plain-packaged cigarette. CONCLUSIONS After controlling the visual and touch sensations, participants were not able to differentiate between branded and plain-packaged cigarettes in terms of taste or inducing immediate shortness of breath or cough. Interestingly, participants were not able to identify their favorite brand.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Rasha A Almubark; Zaied Alkhamaali; Weam Banjar; Mohammed Zamakhshary; Khaled M AlKattan. Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Nora A Althumiri, Mada H Basyouni, Rasha A Almubark, Zaied Alkhamaali, Weam Banjar, Mohammed Zamakhshary, Khaled M AlKattan. Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Nora A Althumiri; Mada H Basyouni; Rasha A Almubark; Zaied Alkhamaali; Weam Banjar; Mohammed Zamakhshary; Khaled M AlKattan. 2020. "Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
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Background Pretravel health advice can play a crucial role in improving both travelers’ awareness about disease risk and compliance with preventive measures. General practitioners (GPs) and the internet have been reported internationally to be the main sources of health advice for travelers to non–mass gathering (MG) destinations. However, few studies have attempted to investigate the sources of health advice among travelers to MGs including the Hajj pilgrimage, and none of these studies further investigated the impact of pretravel advice on pilgrims’ health behaviors. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the source of pretravel health advice (from GPs and specialized Hajj travel agents) on Hajj pilgrims’ awareness of and compliance with health recommendations, and the incidence of Hajj-associated illnesses. Methods A prospective cohort study (before and during Hajj) was conducted among Australian pilgrims aged ≥18 years in 2015. Results A total of 421 pilgrims participated prior to Hajj, and 391 (93%) provided follow-up data during Hajj. All participants obtained pretravel health advice from one or more sources, with Hajj travel agents (46%) and general practitioners (GPs; 40%) the most commonly reported sources. In total, 288 (74%) participants reported Hajj-related symptoms, of which 86% (248/288) were respiratory symptoms. Participants who obtained pretravel health advice from travel agents were more likely to be aware of the official Saudi recommendations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.8; P=.01), receive recommended vaccines before travel (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-3.9; P=.01), use hand sanitizers including soap (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-6.1; P=.03), and wash their hands after touching an ill person during Hajj (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1-7.1; P=.01), compared to those who sought advice from GPs. However, neither advice from travel agents nor GPs was associated with a lower incidence of Hajj-related illnesses. Conclusions Advice from travel agents appeared to be accessed by more travelers than that from GPs, and was associated with an increased likelihood of positive travel health behaviors.

ACS Style

Amani S Alqahtani; Saeed Alsharif; Mohammad A Garnan; Mohamed Tashani; Nasser F BinDhim; Anita E Heywood; Robert Booy; Kerrie E Wiley; Harunor Rashid; Hajj Research Group. The Impact of Receiving Pretravel Health Advice on the Prevention of Hajj-Related Illnesses Among Australian Pilgrims: Cohort Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 2020, 6, e10959 .

AMA Style

Amani S Alqahtani, Saeed Alsharif, Mohammad A Garnan, Mohamed Tashani, Nasser F BinDhim, Anita E Heywood, Robert Booy, Kerrie E Wiley, Harunor Rashid, Hajj Research Group. The Impact of Receiving Pretravel Health Advice on the Prevention of Hajj-Related Illnesses Among Australian Pilgrims: Cohort Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2020; 6 (3):e10959.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amani S Alqahtani; Saeed Alsharif; Mohammad A Garnan; Mohamed Tashani; Nasser F BinDhim; Anita E Heywood; Robert Booy; Kerrie E Wiley; Harunor Rashid; Hajj Research Group. 2020. "The Impact of Receiving Pretravel Health Advice on the Prevention of Hajj-Related Illnesses Among Australian Pilgrims: Cohort Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 3: e10959.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2019 in Food and Drug Regulatory Science Journal
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Background: Low health literacy and medication literacy can be associated with adverse medication-related events. The objectives of this research were to characterize medication use, describe health information sources, and characterize medication literacy in the KSA population. Methods: A cross-sectional nationwide survey was conducted among Saudi residents aged 18 years or above. Results: A total of 3,557 surveys were available for analysis (men = 1,811 and women = 1,746). Respondents were concentrated in younger categories, and each region was represented by 7% to 8% of respondents by design. Twenty-three percent of respondents (n = 825) reported having at least one chronic disease. A total of 1,882 (53%) of respondents reported ever looking for health information; of those, web pages were the most popular information sources. Among those taking medication for chronic disease, only 61% agreed that they knew how their medication should be monitored, 51% agreed that they knew what to do if they missed a dose, and 50% agreed that they knew their drug's side effects. Conclusion: This study's results suggest that interventions focused on medication literacy and tailored to prevalent chronic disease groups should be explored. Because the most common source of health information is web pages, interventions to improve overall health information literacy, especially pertaining to online medication information, should be studied.

ACS Style

Rasha A. Almubark; Mada Basyouni; Ashjan Alghanem; Amani S. Alqahtani; Nasser F. BinDhim. Health Literacy and Medication Literacy in Saudi Arabia: Current Status. Food and Drug Regulatory Science Journal 2019, 2, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Rasha A. Almubark, Mada Basyouni, Ashjan Alghanem, Amani S. Alqahtani, Nasser F. BinDhim. Health Literacy and Medication Literacy in Saudi Arabia: Current Status. Food and Drug Regulatory Science Journal. 2019; 2 (1):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rasha A. Almubark; Mada Basyouni; Ashjan Alghanem; Amani S. Alqahtani; Nasser F. BinDhim. 2019. "Health Literacy and Medication Literacy in Saudi Arabia: Current Status." Food and Drug Regulatory Science Journal 2, no. 1: 1-1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 May 2018
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BACKGROUND Pretravel health advice can play a crucial role in improving both travelers’ awareness about disease risk and compliance with preventive measures. General practitioners (GPs) and the internet have been reported internationally to be the main sources of health advice for travelers to non–mass gathering (MG) destinations. However, few studies have attempted to investigate the sources of health advice among travelers to MGs including the Hajj pilgrimage, and none of these studies further investigated the impact of pretravel advice on pilgrims’ health behaviors. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the source of pretravel health advice (from GPs and specialized Hajj travel agents) on Hajj pilgrims’ awareness of and compliance with health recommendations, and the incidence of Hajj-associated illnesses. METHODS A prospective cohort study (before and during Hajj) was conducted among Australian pilgrims aged ≥18 years in 2015. RESULTS A total of 421 pilgrims participated prior to Hajj, and 391 (93%) provided follow-up data during Hajj. All participants obtained pretravel health advice from one or more sources, with Hajj travel agents (46%) and general practitioners (GPs; 40%) the most commonly reported sources. In total, 288 (74%) participants reported Hajj-related symptoms, of which 86% (248/288) were respiratory symptoms. Participants who obtained pretravel health advice from travel agents were more likely to be aware of the official Saudi recommendations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.8; P=.01), receive recommended vaccines before travel (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-3.9; P=.01), use hand sanitizers including soap (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-6.1; P=.03), and wash their hands after touching an ill person during Hajj (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1-7.1; P=.01), compared to those who sought advice from GPs. However, neither advice from travel agents nor GPs was associated with a lower incidence of Hajj-related illnesses. CONCLUSIONS Advice from travel agents appeared to be accessed by more travelers than that from GPs, and was associated with an increased likelihood of positive travel health behaviors.

ACS Style

Amani S Alqahtani; Saeed A Alsharif; Mohammad A Garnan; Mohamed Tashani; Nasser F BinDhim; Anita E Heywood; Robert Booy; Kerrie E Wiley; Harunor Rashid; Hajj Research Group; Saeed Alsharif. The Impact of Receiving Pretravel Health Advice on the Prevention of Hajj-Related Illnesses Among Australian Pilgrims: Cohort Study (Preprint). 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Amani S Alqahtani, Saeed A Alsharif, Mohammad A Garnan, Mohamed Tashani, Nasser F BinDhim, Anita E Heywood, Robert Booy, Kerrie E Wiley, Harunor Rashid, Hajj Research Group, Saeed Alsharif. The Impact of Receiving Pretravel Health Advice on the Prevention of Hajj-Related Illnesses Among Australian Pilgrims: Cohort Study (Preprint). . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amani S Alqahtani; Saeed A Alsharif; Mohammad A Garnan; Mohamed Tashani; Nasser F BinDhim; Anita E Heywood; Robert Booy; Kerrie E Wiley; Harunor Rashid; Hajj Research Group; Saeed Alsharif. 2018. "The Impact of Receiving Pretravel Health Advice on the Prevention of Hajj-Related Illnesses Among Australian Pilgrims: Cohort Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Multicenter study
Published: 21 January 2018 in BMJ Open
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To assess the efficacy of an interactive smoking cessation decision-aid application (pp) compared with a smoking cessation static information app on continuous abstinence. Automated double-blind randomised controlled trial with 6 months follow-up (2014-2015). Smartphone-based. 684 participants (daily smokers of cigarettes, 18 years old or over) recruited passively from app stores in the USA, Australia, UK and Singapore, and randomised to one of two sub-apps. Behavioural, decision-aid, smartphone application. Continuous abstinence at 10 days, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Smokers who received the decision-aid app were more likely to be continuously abstinent at 1 month compared with the information-only app (28.5% vs 16.9%; relative risk (RR) 1.68; 95% CI 1.25 to 2.28). The effect was sustained at 3 months (23.8% vs 10.2%; RR 2.08; 95% CI 1.38 to 3.18) and 6 months (10.2% vs 4.8%; RR 2.02; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.81). Participants receiving the decision-aid app were also more likely to have made an informed choice (31.9% vs 19.6%) and have lower decisional conflict (19.5% vs 3.9%). A smartphone decision-aid app with support features significantly increased smoking cessation and informed choice. With an increasing number of smokers attempting to quit, unassisted evidence-based decision-aid apps can provide an effective and user-friendly option to many who are making quit decisions without healthcare professionals. ACTRN12613000833763.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Kevin McGeechan; Lyndal Trevena. Smartphone Smoking Cessation Application (SSC App) trial: a multicountry double-blind automated randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation decision-aid 'app'. BMJ Open 2018, 8, e017105 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Kevin McGeechan, Lyndal Trevena. Smartphone Smoking Cessation Application (SSC App) trial: a multicountry double-blind automated randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation decision-aid 'app'. BMJ Open. 2018; 8 (1):e017105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Kevin McGeechan; Lyndal Trevena. 2018. "Smartphone Smoking Cessation Application (SSC App) trial: a multicountry double-blind automated randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation decision-aid 'app'." BMJ Open 8, no. 1: e017105.

Research paper
Published: 12 May 2017 in Tobacco Control
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BackgroundFew assessments of pictorial warnings (PWs) on cigarette packs implemented in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have been done.MethodsThis article includes two cross-sectional studies. In Study 1, convenience samples of adults from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (n=111) and USA (n=115) participated in a consumer survey to rate a total of nine PWs from the GCC, Australia and the UK. Outcome measures were affective responses to PWs and concerns about smoking. In Study 2, tobacco control experts (n=14) from multiple countries rated the same PWs on a potential efficacy scale and completed one open-ended question about each. The PWs were altered to mask their country of origin. Analyses compared ranking on multiple outcomes and examined ratings by country of origin and by smoking status.ResultsIn the consumer survey, participants from both countries rated the PWs from GCC lower than PWs from other countries on the two measures. The mixed-model analysis showed significant differences between the PWs from Australia and those from the GCC and between the PWs from the UK and those from the GCC (pConclusionThis study shows PWs originating from the GCC had significantly lower ratings than those implemented in Australia and the UK. The GCC countries may need to re-evaluate the currently implemented PWs and update them periodically.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Kevin McGeechan; Anwar K T Alanazi; Hossam M S Alanazi; Sasoun A J Alanazi; Solaiman M Al-Hadlaq; Hisham Aljadhey; Tariq M Alhawassi; Nadia A Alghamdi; Ahmed Shaman; Meshari S Alquwayzani; Mada H Basyouni. Evaluating the pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Arabian Gulf countries against other international pictorial warnings. Tobacco Control 2017, 27, 261 -265.

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Kevin McGeechan, Anwar K T Alanazi, Hossam M S Alanazi, Sasoun A J Alanazi, Solaiman M Al-Hadlaq, Hisham Aljadhey, Tariq M Alhawassi, Nadia A Alghamdi, Ahmed Shaman, Meshari S Alquwayzani, Mada H Basyouni. Evaluating the pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Arabian Gulf countries against other international pictorial warnings. Tobacco Control. 2017; 27 (3):261-265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Kevin McGeechan; Anwar K T Alanazi; Hossam M S Alanazi; Sasoun A J Alanazi; Solaiman M Al-Hadlaq; Hisham Aljadhey; Tariq M Alhawassi; Nadia A Alghamdi; Ahmed Shaman; Meshari S Alquwayzani; Mada H Basyouni. 2017. "Evaluating the pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Arabian Gulf countries against other international pictorial warnings." Tobacco Control 27, no. 3: 261-265.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2017 in Journal of Infection and Public Health
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Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries bear the heaviest brunt of MERS-CoV. This study aims to compare public awareness and practice around MERS-CoV across GCC countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Gulf Indicators (GI) smartphone app among people in the six GCC countries, namely Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. A total of 1812 participants recruited. All were aware of MERS-CoV, yet the perception and practice around MERS-CoV varied widely between countries. Over two thirds were either “not concerned” or “slightly concerned” about contracting MERS-CoV; believing that they were under Allah’s (God’s) protection (40%) was the most cited reason. While 79% were aware that the disease can transmit through droplet from infected person, only 12% stated that MERS-CoV transmits via camels; people in Saudi Arabia were better aware of the transmission. Nevertheless, only 22% of respondents believed that camels are the zoonotic reservoir of MERS-CoV. Those who were concerned about contracting MERS-CoV (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1, p < 0.01) and those who thought MERS-CoV to be a severe disease only for those with high-risk conditions (aOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.1, p < 0.01) were more likely to believe that camels are the zoonotic source. However, residents of KSA (aOR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.07, p < 0.01), UAE (aOR: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.004–0.02, p < 0.01) and Kuwait (aOR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.07, p < 0.01) were less likely to believe that camels are the main zoonotic source compared to respondents from the other countries. Hygienic measures were more commonly adopted than avoidance of camels or their raw products, yet there was a discrepancy between the countries. This study highlights that despite being aware of the ongoing MERS-CoV epidemic; many people lack accurate understanding about MERS-CoV transmission, prevention, and are not fully compliant with preventive measures.

ACS Style

Amani S. Alqahtani; Harunor Rashid; Mada H. Basyouni; Tariq M. Alhawassi; Nasser F. BinDhim. Public response to MERS-CoV in the Middle East: iPhone survey in six countries. Journal of Infection and Public Health 2017, 10, 534 -540.

AMA Style

Amani S. Alqahtani, Harunor Rashid, Mada H. Basyouni, Tariq M. Alhawassi, Nasser F. BinDhim. Public response to MERS-CoV in the Middle East: iPhone survey in six countries. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2017; 10 (5):534-540.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amani S. Alqahtani; Harunor Rashid; Mada H. Basyouni; Tariq M. Alhawassi; Nasser F. BinDhim. 2017. "Public response to MERS-CoV in the Middle East: iPhone survey in six countries." Journal of Infection and Public Health 10, no. 5: 534-540.

Observational study
Published: 27 June 2016 in Journal of Medical Internet Research
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The objective of disease screening is to encourage high-risk subjects to seek health care diagnosis and treatment. Mobile phone apps can effectively screen mental health conditions, including depression. However, it is not known how effective such screening methods are in motivating users to discuss the obtained results of such apps with health care professionals. Does a mobile phone depression-screening app motivate users with high depressive symptoms to seek health care professional advice? This study aimed to address this question. This was a single-cohort, prospective, observational study of a free mobile phone depression app developed in English and released on Apple’s App Store. Apple App Store users (aged 18 or above) in 5 countries, that is, Australia, Canada, New Zealand (NZ), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US), were recruited directly via the app’s download page. The participants then completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and their depression screening score was displayed to them. If their score was 11 or above and they had never been diagnosed with depression before, they were advised to take their results to their health care professional. They were to follow up after 1 month. A group of 2538 participants from the 5 countries completed PHQ-9 depression screening with the app. Of them, 322 participants were found to have high depressive symptoms and had never been diagnosed with depression, and received advice to discuss their results with health care professionals. About 74% of those completed the follow-up; approximately 38% of these self-reported consulting their health care professionals about their depression score. Only positive attitude toward depression as a real disease was associated with increased follow-up response rate (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, CI 1.38-8.29). A mobile phone depression-screening app motivated some users to seek a depression diagnosis. However, further study should investigate how other app users use the screening results provided by such apps.

ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Eman M Alanazi; Hisham Aljadhey; Mada H Basyouni; Stefan R Kowalski; Lisa G Pont; Ahmed M Shaman; Lyndal Trevena; Tariq M Alhawassi; Sarah Zaidan; Maroof Ahmed; Rebecca Schnall; John Torous; Sarah Iribarren. Does a Mobile Phone Depression-Screening App Motivate Mobile Phone Users With High Depressive Symptoms to Seek a Health Care Professional’s Help? Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016, 18, e156 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim, Eman M Alanazi, Hisham Aljadhey, Mada H Basyouni, Stefan R Kowalski, Lisa G Pont, Ahmed M Shaman, Lyndal Trevena, Tariq M Alhawassi, Sarah Zaidan, Maroof Ahmed, Rebecca Schnall, John Torous, Sarah Iribarren. Does a Mobile Phone Depression-Screening App Motivate Mobile Phone Users With High Depressive Symptoms to Seek a Health Care Professional’s Help? Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2016; 18 (6):e156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim; Eman M Alanazi; Hisham Aljadhey; Mada H Basyouni; Stefan R Kowalski; Lisa G Pont; Ahmed M Shaman; Lyndal Trevena; Tariq M Alhawassi; Sarah Zaidan; Maroof Ahmed; Rebecca Schnall; John Torous; Sarah Iribarren. 2016. "Does a Mobile Phone Depression-Screening App Motivate Mobile Phone Users With High Depressive Symptoms to Seek a Health Care Professional’s Help?" Journal of Medical Internet Research 18, no. 6: e156.

Dataset
Published: 22 March 2016 in http://isrctn.com/
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ACS Style

Nasser F BinDhim. Comparing the effect of pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Saudi Arabia with other international pictorial warnings. http://isrctn.com/ 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Nasser F BinDhim. Comparing the effect of pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Saudi Arabia with other international pictorial warnings. http://isrctn.com/. 2016; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasser F BinDhim. 2016. "Comparing the effect of pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Saudi Arabia with other international pictorial warnings." http://isrctn.com/ , no. : 1.