Background: High school education took place in the form of distance learning during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic worldwide, including Hungary. Decreased physical activity and an increase in inactive behaviours may lead to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Aim: Our study targeted changes in physical activity (aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening) and screen time in adolescents and young adults during the pandemic. Methods: High school students were interviewed in 66 public schools in 37 Hungarian cities (N = 2508). Survey items on physical activity and screen time were derived from the WHO Health Behaviour of School-aged Children Survey and the Centers for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A 2 × 2 factorial ANCOVA was used to test the effects of gender (male vs. female) and/or age (adolescents vs. young adults) on the reported changes in physical activity and screen time before and during lockdown (covariate: BMI Z-score). Results: The majority of the cohort indicated less physical activity. Aerobic and muscle-strengthening type of exercises significantly decreased, and screen time increased during distance education. Male individuals showed a higher decrease in the level of aerobic exercise, and young adults reported a higher increase in the time spent in front of the screen.

The article examines the cases of 18 countries that have been consistently ranked by Esports Earnings over the past ten years to find the social and economic determinants that may determine a country’s success in the international e-sports arena. In the study, indicators of a country’s cybersports success consider the annual volume of prizes won by its e-sportsmen, the ranking place in the world rankings and the total number of e-sportsmen. The hypothesis about the possible influence of a number of macroeconomic indicators, as well as the characteristics of the overall level of social stability on the development of e-sports within the country, was put forward and verified. The scientific landscape of research on cybersports, published in Scopus (by prevailing research topics, the geography of research network leaders, and the evolution of scientific search), was structured using the VOSviewer toolkit. By means of canonical analysis, pairwise relationships in the chain “economic development – social development – e-sports development,” as well as determinants with strong intragroup and intergroup relationships, have been revealed; and these relationships were quantified in the aggregate by means of structural modeling. The results of the calculations showed that the economic stability of the country rather than social stability has a greater influence on its success in the international e-sports arena. The most relevant indicators of economic development, considering success in e-sports, are GDP, unemployment rate and direct foreign investments, social development – poverty rate, population migration and Gini coefficient.

Introduction: Rowing is a competitive sport in which men and women of all ages compete. Most of the studies reported on rowing have been carried out with young adult rowers. As it is important to have rowing experience before a senior age classification, it is necessary to study adolescent or junior athletes in this sport. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between selected physiological variables of male and female rowers and rowing performance as determined by a 2,000 m time-trial. Methods: Fifteen rowers (six males and nine females) ages 15-18 years who competed in the Hungarian Junior Rowing Championships performed a 2,000-m rowing ergometer test in the laboratory. Prior to this task, these subjects completed a measure of body size, composition and vertical jump on a force platform. Oxygen consumption was measured along with power output during the rowing ergometer trial. Results: This descriptive study of Junior Rowers identify the importance of aerobic power (rate of oxygen consumption) as a predictor of rowing performance. Since the mean Power was highly related (r = 0.99) with the time to complete the rowing distance, factors that reflect power might also be evaluated to confirm these findings. The time in the competition and time on the rowing ergometer were strongly related (r = 0.721). Excluding power in the regression analyses, oxygen consumption (VO2) and percentage lean body mass (%Lean) were identified as the significant (F=50.63, df=2,12, p <0.001) predictors of performance time. No other variables were selected in the regression equations. Conclusion: The rate of oxygen consumption and lean mass in adolescent rowers need to be considered in explaining performance. Level of Evidence III; Case Control Study.

Introdução: O remo é um esporte competitivo em que competem homens e mulheres de todas as idades. A maioria dos estudos relatados sobre remo é realizada com remadores adultos jovens. Como é importante a experiência de remo antes de uma classificação etária sênior, faz-se necessário o estudo de atletas adolescentes ou em categoria júnior dessa modalidade. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a relação entre variáveis fisiológicas selecionadas de remadores masculinos e femininos e o desempenho no remo, conforme determinado por um contrarrelógio de 2.000 m. Métodos: Quinze remadores (6 do sexo masculino e 6 do feminino) com idades compreendidas entre os 15-18 anos que competiram no campeonato Húngaro de Remo Júnior, realizaram em laboratório um teste ergômetro de remo de 2.000 m. Antes da avaliação em laboratório, os atletas foram sujeitos a uma avaliação da composição corporal e ao teste de salto vertical numa plataforma de força. O consumo de oxigênio e o dispêndio energético foram aferidos durante a prova em ergômetro. Resultados: Este estudo descritivo de remadores juniores identificou a importância da potência aeróbia (taxa de consumo de oxigênio) como um preditor do desempenho no remo. Uma vez que o poder médio apresenta-se altamente relacionado (r = 0,99) com o tempo para completar a distância de remo, os fatores que refletem a potência, podem também ser avaliados para confirmar esses achados. O tempo de competição e o tempo de remo no ergômetro estão fortemente relacionados (r = 0,721). Considerando a análise de regressão, o consumo de oxigénio (VO2) e o percentil da massa corporal magra (% Magra) foram considerados como significantes (F = 50,63, df = 2,12, p <0,001) preditores do tempo de desempenho. Nenhuma outra variável foi incluída na equação de regressão. Conclusão: A taxa de consumo de oxigênio e massa magra em remadores adolescentes, são variáveis que devem ser consideradas na explicação do desempenho dos 2.000m no remo. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de Caso-Controle.

Motocross (MX) requires physical and psychological fitness, so the performance of the individual is crucial to success. The aim of this study is to describe psychological characteristics measured under competitive conditions among successful adolescent MX riders. Methods: Eight young Hungarian MX riders were analyzed using the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model. Results: The pleasure component was lower, while tension and stressors were almost always greater after the race than before, regardless of the result achieved. Conclusion: Further research is needed to ensure the outstanding performance of riders combined with high-quality technical training and psychological preparation.