OBJECTIVE. The aim of this feasibility study was to evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted MRI in the evaluation of nonpalpable undescended testes.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-six boys with undescended testes underwent preoperative abdominal and pelvic MRI to identify the location of the testes. MRI included free-breathing diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with b values of 50, 400, and 800 s/mm2, a T1-weighted turbo spin-echo sequence, and a T2-weighted fat-suppressed turbo spin-echo sequence. After laparoscopic examinations, two observers independently reviewed the preoperative images. The DW images alone were reviewed first, followed by the conventional MR images alone and the conventional MR and the DW images together. The laparoscopic and MRI findings were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the identification of nonpalpable undescended testes were calculated for DWI, conventional MRI, and the combination of DWI and conventional MRI.RESULTS. The combination of DWI and conventional MRI...

Inflammatory granulomatous mastitis is a benign inflammatory disease of the breast mostly presenting in puerperal women. The disease is characterized by recurrent bouts of mastitis with clinical picture of hyperemia, breast mass, and swelling of the breast with or without purulent discharge depending on the severity of the underlying inflammatory process. Although no true prevalence and incidence have been reported in the literature, there are several reported studies setting forth a predilection in specific ethnic groups and/ or geographical areas. Due to the intricate nature of the disease, quite often inflammatory granulomatous mastitis may be mistaken for malignant processes of the breast and even so, there are no pathognomonic imaging appearances to differentiate one from another. The histopathological analysis is a definite way of diagnosis. In this article, we review the imaging manifestations and clinical and histopathological findings along with current trends of available treatment options in the literature and briefly discussed our institutional perspective regarding grading of inflammatory granulomatous mastitis based on ultrasonographic appearances. Cite this article as: Alper F, Abbasguliyev H, Özmen S, Yalçin A, Yılmaz Çankaya B, and Nuran Akçay M. Clinical, histopathological, imaging, and treatment perspectives of inflammatory granulomatous mastitis: review of the literature. Eurasian J Med., 2022;54(Suppl. 1):S172-S178.

Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumor but it rarely arises from the scapula. Scapulothoracic bursitis is quite rare and osteochondroma is one of the unusual causes of this condition. Synovial chondromatosis may occur extremely uncommonly in this bursa. We reported an unusual case of scapulothoracic bursitis with synovial chondromatosis which is caused by osteochondroma. To the best of our knowledge, there is no defined chondromatosis in the scapulothoracic bursa secondary to scapular osteochondroma in the literature. An osteochondroma originating from the inner surface of the scapula can irritate this bursa and scapulothoracic bursitis may develop.1-2 Clinical manifestations are usually pain and swelling on the posterior chest wall. Patients may also declare crepitation by shoulder rotation. Ultrasonography can reveal a fluid collection between the serratus anterior muscle and chest wall. On computed tomography (CT) a hypodense, well-demarcated cystic mass may be seen at this location. Its magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features are similar to other cystic lesions. It is hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images.3 Synovial chondromatosis or osteochondromatosis is a benign synovial metaplastic proliferation that occurs extremely uncommonly in bursae. When we searched "large scapulothoracic bursa chondromatosis" phrases in lliterature review of Chochran Database and Web of Science, we could not find any case reports of synovial chondromatosis in large scapulothoracic bursa. The bursal chondroid bodies appear hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images but the signal intensity decreases in all sequences as the calcific or ossific component of these nodules increases. We here report an unusual case of scapulothoracic bursitis with synovial osteochondromatosis which is caused by osteochondroma. A written informed consent was taken from the patient.

Loose bodies (LBs) are intraarticular free bodies that result from various pathological processes and cause synovial inflammation. Timely and complete identification of LBs is important for appropriate treatment and prevention of possible complications such as osteoarthritis. LBs in the ankle joint can reach all the compartments that are adjacent to the joint via physiological or pathological connections. The presence, localisation, and number of LBs in the ankle joint and adjacent synovial compartments can be optimally evaluated using high-resolution magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and computed tomography arthrography (CTA). On this review article, we aimed to determine the LB location and distribution using high-resolution MRA and CTA of the ankle joint, and to demonstrate that it may be used as a complementary examination to guide interventional arthroscopy in difficult-to-reach areas during treatment. Advances in knowledge: Loose bodies (LBs) are intraarticular free bodies and may cause synovial inflammation. Accurate and complete determination of the number and location of LBs before surgery are very important for effective treatment. The location, number and distribution of LBs in the ankle joint may be determined successfully by high-resolution magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and computed tomography arthrography (CTA). For this purpose, MRA and CTA may increase the diagnostic and therapeutic success of the arthroscopy.