This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Prof. Dr. Dal Woong Choi
Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Basic Info

Basic Info is private.

Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Exposure Assessment
0 Risk Assessment
0 Tobacco
0 Toxicology
0 Mass spectometry

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2021 in Food Packaging and Shelf Life
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Convenience foods are currently popular among busy, modern consumers. However, the migration of plastics additives and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) from packaging materials has raised concern about the potential health risks. The migration of nine compounds, including additives (butylated hydroxytoluene and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate), and NIAS that originated from additives degradation products (phenol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetophenone, 4-propylbenzaldehyde, 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and methyl-3-(3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)) from convenience food packaging was evaluated in migration tests employing food simulants under real-life consumption and worst-case scenario conditions. Their migration level in the food simulants was quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Most of the compounds had a low frequency of detection and the detected compounds varied depending on the individual samples, regardless of the packaging materials. The worst-case migration tests showed that repetitive microwave heating considerably accelerated the migration and degradation of the additives due to polymer swelling, although a single microwave heating had little effect on the migration. Risk assessment confirmed that the current level of exposure of Korean consumers to the substances from convenience food packaging is unlikely to pose a health risk, even in the worst-case scenario.

ACS Style

Eun Chul Pack; Kyung Youn Lee; Jin Seop Jung; Dae Yong Jang; Hyung Soo Kim; Ye Ji Koo; Ho Geon Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Seung Ha Lee; Dal Woong Choi. Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 2021, 30, 100736 .

AMA Style

Eun Chul Pack, Kyung Youn Lee, Jin Seop Jung, Dae Yong Jang, Hyung Soo Kim, Ye Ji Koo, Ho Geon Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyung Min Lim, Seung Ha Lee, Dal Woong Choi. Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life. 2021; 30 ():100736.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun Chul Pack; Kyung Youn Lee; Jin Seop Jung; Dae Yong Jang; Hyung Soo Kim; Ye Ji Koo; Ho Geon Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Seung Ha Lee; Dal Woong Choi. 2021. "Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging." Food Packaging and Shelf Life 30, no. : 100736.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2021 in Toxics
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Flavoring agents are added to cigarettes to improve taste. There are mostly permitted food additives, but some of them are restricted for use in food, cosmetics, and toys, since they can cause allergic reactions. Previous studies have investigated the levels of flavoring agents in tobacco but none has focused on their content in filter tips and capsules. Moreover, no studies have assessed the risk of adding allergenic flavoring agents in cigarettes. Here, we developed and validated a simultaneous analysis method for 25 allergenic flavoring agents and menthol with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to determine levels of flavoring agents in the tobacco, filter tips, and capsules of 54 commercial cigarettes in Korea. All cigarettes contained at least one allergenic flavoring agent regardless of the inclusion of flavoring capsules. Importantly, the filter tips and the capsules contained higher levels of flavoring agents than tobacco, highlighting the importance of the quantification of flavoring agents in these parts of cigarettes. Nevertheless, the risk assessment based on their levels in cigarettes suggested that their exposure was maintained at a safe level. However, the risk assessed from maximum menthol, linalool, and cinnamaldehyde exceeded one-tenth of derived no-effect levels, suggesting the need for further studies on their risk to human health.

ACS Style

Dae Jang; Hyung Kim; Eun Pack; Ye Koo; Kyung Lim; Dal Choi. Development of a Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Allergenic Flavoring Agents in Cigarettes and Quantitative Risk Assessment for Consumer Safety. Toxics 2021, 9, 87 .

AMA Style

Dae Jang, Hyung Kim, Eun Pack, Ye Koo, Kyung Lim, Dal Choi. Development of a Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Allergenic Flavoring Agents in Cigarettes and Quantitative Risk Assessment for Consumer Safety. Toxics. 2021; 9 (4):87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dae Jang; Hyung Kim; Eun Pack; Ye Koo; Kyung Lim; Dal Choi. 2021. "Development of a Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Allergenic Flavoring Agents in Cigarettes and Quantitative Risk Assessment for Consumer Safety." Toxics 9, no. 4: 87.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Preservatives are essential additives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes. Ensuring the safe use of preservatives in products is important for public health, as some preservatives are associated with health issues. In this study, the content of 12 preservatives in 105 dishwashing detergents and 105 wet wipes was determined, where these compounds are commonly found, among consumer products. A realistic exposure estimation was considered by using Korean consumer-specific exposure parameters for adults and babies. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted by applying the Monte Carlo simulation method. Benzoic acid (41%) and cetylpyridinium chloride (30%) were the most commonly used preservatives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes, respectively, although their content in different products (benzoic acid: 0.28–19.4 mg/g in dishwashing detergents; cetylpyridinium chloride: 0.003–0.64 mg/g in wet wipes) varied widely. The calculated median and upper-limit margin of safety (MOS) values related to systemic health effects and skin sensitization from exposure to preservatives largely exceeded the target MOS, which confirmed the safety of the products. Exposure to preservatives from wet wipes was several times higher in babies than in adults. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the amount of the product used, frequency of use, and weight fraction of the preservative were the major contributors to the exposure to preservatives from dishwashing detergents and wet wipes.

ACS Style

Eun Chul Pack; Ho Geon Lee; Dae Yong Jang; Hui Sun Sin; Tae Yong Kim; Hyung Soo Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. Probabilistic risk assessment of preservatives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes for Korean consumers. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 782, 146829 .

AMA Style

Eun Chul Pack, Ho Geon Lee, Dae Yong Jang, Hui Sun Sin, Tae Yong Kim, Hyung Soo Kim, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. Probabilistic risk assessment of preservatives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes for Korean consumers. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 782 ():146829.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun Chul Pack; Ho Geon Lee; Dae Yong Jang; Hui Sun Sin; Tae Yong Kim; Hyung Soo Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2021. "Probabilistic risk assessment of preservatives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes for Korean consumers." Science of The Total Environment 782, no. : 146829.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in Food Control
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of kitchenware is considered environmentally friendly and economical. However, there are many cases of extended UV irradiation, which raises concerns about the release of hazardous substances. Here, we investigated the migration of monomers, plastic additives, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) from food utensils made of melamine–formaldehyde resin into food simulants after UV irradiation for up to 7 d. The migration of monomers (melamine and formaldehyde) was analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph with a diode array detector. When irradiated with a UV lamp for 7 d, the release of melamine from food utensils made of melamine–formaldehyde resins increased by up to 85-fold compared with that from the unexposed samples. Formaldehyde release increased up to 4-fold after UV exposure. UV exposure led to a sustained increase in melamine migration in a time-dependent manner. Formaldehyde release also increased on the first day, but plateaued after seven days of exposure. Safety assessment demonstrated that there is a low risk of melamine and formaldehyde exposure of up to 11.78% and 7.95%, respectively, compared with the tolerable daily intake. Non-target screening analysis of plastic additives and NIAS from melamine–formaldehyde resin and other synthetic resins was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Exposure of melamine–formaldehyde resin to UV for 7 d drastically increased the release of plastic additives and NIAS. In contrast, for other synthetic resins (polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and silicone), the peaks of these compounds disappeared or decreased after UV exposure, indicating that the melamine–formaldehyde resin is less resistant to UV degradation than other synthetic resins.

ACS Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Ye Jin Lee; Ye Ji Koo; Eun Chul Pack; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. Migration of monomers, plastic additives, and non-intentionally added substances from food utensils made of melamine–formaldehyde resin following ultraviolet sterilization. Food Control 2021, 125, 107981 .

AMA Style

Hyung Soo Kim, Ye Jin Lee, Ye Ji Koo, Eun Chul Pack, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. Migration of monomers, plastic additives, and non-intentionally added substances from food utensils made of melamine–formaldehyde resin following ultraviolet sterilization. Food Control. 2021; 125 ():107981.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Ye Jin Lee; Ye Ji Koo; Eun Chul Pack; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2021. "Migration of monomers, plastic additives, and non-intentionally added substances from food utensils made of melamine–formaldehyde resin following ultraviolet sterilization." Food Control 125, no. : 107981.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Toxics
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Biocides are commonly used as spray- or trigger-type formulations, thus dermal and respiratory exposure to biocide aerosol is unavoidable. However, little is known about the impact of aerosolization on the local toxicity of biocides on the skin or the airway. We compared the local toxicity of biocides after direct or aerosol exposure on reconstructed human skin epidermis and upper airway models. Three biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), 2-phenoxyethanol (PE), and 2-phenylphenol (OPP), most widely used in the market were selected. When the biocide was treated in aerosols, toxicity to the skin epidermis and upper airway tissue became significantly attenuated compared with the direct application as determined by the higher tissue viabilities. This was further confirmed in histological examination, wherein the tissue damages were less pronounced. LC-MS/MS and GC/MS analysis revealed that concentrations of biocides decreased during aerosolization. Importantly, the toxicity of biocides treated in 3 μm (median mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)) aerosols was stronger than that of 5 μm aerosol, suggesting that the aerosol particle size may affect biocide toxicity. Collectively, we demonstrated that aerosolization could affect the local toxicity of biocides on the skin epidermis and the upper airway.

ACS Style

Nahyun Lee; Dae Jang; Do Lee; Haengdueng Jeong; Ki Nam; Dal-Woong Choi; Kyung-Min Lim. Local Toxicity of Biocides after Direct and Aerosol Exposure on the Human Skin Epidermis and Airway Tissue Models. Toxics 2021, 9, 29 .

AMA Style

Nahyun Lee, Dae Jang, Do Lee, Haengdueng Jeong, Ki Nam, Dal-Woong Choi, Kyung-Min Lim. Local Toxicity of Biocides after Direct and Aerosol Exposure on the Human Skin Epidermis and Airway Tissue Models. Toxics. 2021; 9 (2):29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nahyun Lee; Dae Jang; Do Lee; Haengdueng Jeong; Ki Nam; Dal-Woong Choi; Kyung-Min Lim. 2021. "Local Toxicity of Biocides after Direct and Aerosol Exposure on the Human Skin Epidermis and Airway Tissue Models." Toxics 9, no. 2: 29.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The effect of simulants, repeated use, washing, and oiling on the release of toxic metals from metallic kitchen utensils was investigated. The release of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb from kitchen utensils composed of stainless steel, aluminum, copper alloy, and cast iron into food simulants was quantified using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results show that this release of toxic metals was highly dependent on pH. Generally, the release of toxic metals tended to decrease with repeated use, and the release of Cr and Ni from stainless steel samples was significantly higher in the first test, compared to the third test. The washing conditions affected the release of As and Cr, whose release levels were higher when washing only with water and with a steel wool pad, respectively. Furthermore, oiling cast iron cookware reduced the release of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni into acidic simulants by 66%, 83%, 71%, and 15%, respectively. The margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated for each toxic metal; the calculated MOE values indicated that it is improbable that the current level of exposure from metallic kitchen utensils would pose a health risk in Korea.

ACS Style

Ye Ji Koo; Eun Chul Pack; Ye Jin Lee; Hyung Soo Kim; Dae Yong Jang; Seung Ha Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. Determination of toxic metal release from metallic kitchen utensils and their health risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 145, 111651 .

AMA Style

Ye Ji Koo, Eun Chul Pack, Ye Jin Lee, Hyung Soo Kim, Dae Yong Jang, Seung Ha Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. Determination of toxic metal release from metallic kitchen utensils and their health risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 145 ():111651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ye Ji Koo; Eun Chul Pack; Ye Jin Lee; Hyung Soo Kim; Dae Yong Jang; Seung Ha Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2020. "Determination of toxic metal release from metallic kitchen utensils and their health risks." Food and Chemical Toxicology 145, no. : 111651.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2020 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Evaluating the characteristics of exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke is an essential field in tobacco research because of the large risk burden among smokers. Detailed evaluation of the complex factors pertaining to the exposure of smokers to mainstream cigarette smoke was attempted by analysis of discarded cigarette butts. A total of 5475 samples of discarded cigarette butts was collected to investigate the exposure characteristics in relation to Korean smokers. The basic physico-chemical characteristics of cigarettes, including the filter length, filter type, menthol addition, and nicotine and tar content, were determined and the manufacturer and cigarette size were identified. The tobacco-burned percentage (TBP)) and tar staining were used as physical markers, and actual human exposure to cigarette smoke was determined using the part filter method. Multiple linear regression analyses and generalized ordinal logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the relationship between the socio-demographic factors and the physico-chemical characteristics of the cigarettes themselves and the exposure characteristics. Significant associations were observed between the TBP and age group, occupational group, manufacturer, tar staining, ISO tar content, and filter length. Increased odds of smoking with a heavier tar stain among Korean smokers were associated with blue collar workers vs. other workers, manufacturer B vs. other manufacturers, recess filter vs. other filter types, ISO tar content, and TBP. Finally, significant associations between the log-transformed human-smoked tar and nicotine yields and occupational group, the TBP, tar staining, and physico-chemical properties of cigarettes were found and were used to propose models for predicting the actual exposure to tar and nicotine. The proposed models account for 60–61% and 47–49% of the variance of human exposure to tar and nicotine, respectively. This analysis of discarded cigarette butts revealed that various factors, including socio-demographic factors such as age group and occupational group, as well as the physico-chemical properties of cigarette products such as the filter type and length, cigarette size, ISO tar and nicotine content, and mentholation, affect the characteristics of exposure of Korean smokers to mainstream cigarette smoke.

ACS Style

Eun Chul Pack; Hyung Soo Kim; Seung Ha Lee; Ye Ji Koo; Dae Young Jang; Seung Hyun Choi; Ji Ae Kim; Chae Hui Lim; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. Survey of characteristics of exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke using discarded cigarette butts from Korean smokers. Environmental Research 2020, 185, 109434 .

AMA Style

Eun Chul Pack, Hyung Soo Kim, Seung Ha Lee, Ye Ji Koo, Dae Young Jang, Seung Hyun Choi, Ji Ae Kim, Chae Hui Lim, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. Survey of characteristics of exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke using discarded cigarette butts from Korean smokers. Environmental Research. 2020; 185 ():109434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun Chul Pack; Hyung Soo Kim; Seung Ha Lee; Ye Ji Koo; Dae Young Jang; Seung Hyun Choi; Ji Ae Kim; Chae Hui Lim; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2020. "Survey of characteristics of exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke using discarded cigarette butts from Korean smokers." Environmental Research 185, no. : 109434.

Articles
Published: 11 March 2020 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are widely used in the food industry for applications such as printing inks, additives, adhesives, and processing aids for food additives. Recently, the migration of MOH from food contact paper and board into foods has raised public health concerns. In this study, a total of 110 food contact paper and board samples, including baking and cooking paper (23), baking cups (28), food packaging bags (22), lunch boxes (8), party plates (26), and straws (3) were evaluated to quantify the content and short-term migration levels of MOH. The MOH were separated into mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH)/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) via a validated on-line liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (LC-GC-FID) technique. The coating materials of the sample products comprised polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and silicone. The effects of the coating materials on the content and migration of MOH/POSH were evaluated. Quantitative analysis of the MOH in the samples showed that the MOSH/POSH and MOAH content varied widely, ranging from 16 to 5626 mg kg-1 for MOH, regardless of the coating materials. Short-term migration of MOSH/POSH was observed only in samples with polyolefinic coatings, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, in experiments conducted at 25 °C for 10 min, although the extent of MOAH migration for all samples was at the trace level. The migration of MOSH/POSH was detected within the range of 0.93 to 62.3 μg L-1 in 22 samples, and the migration of MOAH was detected within the range of 0.80 to 2.6 μg L-1 in only 4 samples. These results demonstrate that although the short-term migration potential of MOH is generally negligible, the migration of MOSH/POSH into wet fatty foods can be accelerated by polyolefinic coatings, even within a very short time.

ACS Style

Eun Chul Pack; Dae Yong Jang; Min Gi Cha; Ye Ji Koo; Hyung Soo Kim; Hong Hyeon Yu; Seok Chan Park; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Seung Ha Lee; Dal Woong Choi. Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2020, 37, 858 -868.

AMA Style

Eun Chul Pack, Dae Yong Jang, Min Gi Cha, Ye Ji Koo, Hyung Soo Kim, Hong Hyeon Yu, Seok Chan Park, Young Soon Kim, Kyung Min Lim, Seung Ha Lee, Dal Woong Choi. Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2020; 37 (5):858-868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun Chul Pack; Dae Yong Jang; Min Gi Cha; Ye Ji Koo; Hyung Soo Kim; Hong Hyeon Yu; Seok Chan Park; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Min Lim; Seung Ha Lee; Dal Woong Choi. 2020. "Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37, no. 5: 858-868.

Articles
Published: 09 December 2019 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Condensed phosphates are deliberately added to the fishery and processed marine food products on purpose to increase the weight of products. However, excessive intake overwhelming bodily homoeostasis can result in phosphate toxicity such as mineral and bone disorders, associated with chronic kidney diseases, and cardiovascular events. Rapid analysis for condensed phosphates is required to detect the illegal adulteration of processed marine products. We optimised an analytical method using ion chromatography for the rapid and selective detection of condensed phosphates in various kinds of fishery and processed marine products. We compared the performance of three columns (IonPac AS11, AS11-HC, and AS16) for the detection of condensed phosphates with respect to time of analysis and sensitivity. The IonPac AS11 column exhibited the shortest retention time for the major condensed phosphates (pyro-, tri-, and trimetaphosphate), the highest sensitivity for trimetaphosphate, and good repeatability and precision. Microwave and boiling processing were examined as methods to prevent hydrolysis of condensed phosphates into orthophosphate, which is critical in distinguishing intentionally added condensed phosphates from naturally occurring orthophosphate. Microwave treatment was determined to be the more effective method to suppress hydrolysis of condensed phosphates to orthophosphate. Furthermore, microwave processing could be used for thawing the frozen samples, saving extra effort and time. We confirmed that the method exhibits good recovery (80% or more) and precision (%RSD < 10%) for samples with various matrices. With the method, 14 kinds of fishery and processed marine food products were successfully analysed for condensed phosphates. Especially, we identified that phosphate levels in the processed shrimp and dried shredded squid samples exceeded the maximum allowable levels specified in the CODEX standard. We believe that our method would be useful for the rapid analysis of condensed phosphates in various types of fishery and processed marine food products.

ACS Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Ye Ji Koo; Miri Lee; Eun Chul Pack; Dae Yong Jang; Seung Ha Lee; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. An optimised method for the rapid analysis of condensed phosphates in fishery and processed marine food products using ion chromatography and microwave sample processing. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2019, 37, 205 -215.

AMA Style

Hyung Soo Kim, Ye Ji Koo, Miri Lee, Eun Chul Pack, Dae Yong Jang, Seung Ha Lee, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. An optimised method for the rapid analysis of condensed phosphates in fishery and processed marine food products using ion chromatography and microwave sample processing. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2019; 37 (2):205-215.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Ye Ji Koo; Miri Lee; Eun Chul Pack; Dae Yong Jang; Seung Ha Lee; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2019. "An optimised method for the rapid analysis of condensed phosphates in fishery and processed marine food products using ion chromatography and microwave sample processing." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37, no. 2: 205-215.

Journal article
Published: 15 November 2018 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Recently, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (WHO TobReg) announced a priority list of 38 toxicants among the more than 7,000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, building upon previous lists of toxicants in cigarette smoke. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the quantitative exposure and risk characterization of these priority toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke listed by the WHO TobReg. The human-smoked toxicant yields estimated from spent cigarette butts of a total of 361 smokers using the part-filter method (PFM) were applied to current exposure and risk estimation for the first time. The PFM can estimate human-smoked yields of toxicants using smokers’ maximum mouth-level exposure. The human-smoked yield of each toxicant was converted to systemic uptake by considering bioavailability. Risk indicators—including the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), cumulative ILCR, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard indices (HIs), and margin of exposure (MOE)—were estimated from the systemic uptake of toxicants combined with Korean exposure factors by gender and age group as well as for total smokers. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking results in significant cancer and non-cancer health risks. A sensitivity analysis showed that the human-smoked toxicant yield is one of the most important contributors to risk level variations. Our risk estimation suggested that previous risk assessments might have ignored or underestimated the uncertainty of risk assessment. In conclusion, we assessed the risk level of the 38 toxicants on the priority list developed by the WHO TobReg and provided a Korean-specific priority list for the regulations on the emission of cigarette smoke.

ACS Style

Eun Chul Pack; Hyung Soo Kim; Dae Yong Jang; Ye Ji Koo; Hong Hyeon Yu; Seung Ha Lee; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers. Environmental Research 2018, 169, 206 -219.

AMA Style

Eun Chul Pack, Hyung Soo Kim, Dae Yong Jang, Ye Ji Koo, Hong Hyeon Yu, Seung Ha Lee, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers. Environmental Research. 2018; 169 ():206-219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun Chul Pack; Hyung Soo Kim; Dae Yong Jang; Ye Ji Koo; Hong Hyeon Yu; Seung Ha Lee; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2018. "Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers." Environmental Research 169, no. : 206-219.

Published erratum
Published: 01 June 2018 in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Eun Chul Pack; Ye Ji Koo; Ye Jin Lee; Dae Kwan Sung; Seung Ha Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyeng Hee Kwon; Kyung Min Lim; Dae Yong Jang; Dal Woong Choi. Corrigendum to “Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea” [Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 92C (2018) 420–428]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2018, 95, 448 .

AMA Style

Hyung Soo Kim, Eun Chul Pack, Ye Ji Koo, Ye Jin Lee, Dae Kwan Sung, Seung Ha Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyeng Hee Kwon, Kyung Min Lim, Dae Yong Jang, Dal Woong Choi. Corrigendum to “Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea” [Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 92C (2018) 420–428]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2018; 95 ():448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Eun Chul Pack; Ye Ji Koo; Ye Jin Lee; Dae Kwan Sung; Seung Ha Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyeng Hee Kwon; Kyung Min Lim; Dae Yong Jang; Dal Woong Choi. 2018. "Corrigendum to “Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea” [Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 92C (2018) 420–428]." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 95, no. : 448.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Currently, capsule cigarettes have been introduced by tobacco industries and their sales have increased exponentially. However, the capsule flavoring ingredients and their safety are still unknown. Although the contents of menthol and other ingredients directly added to cigarettes have been determined extensively, no analogous study exists for menthol-containing cigarette capsules. Basic physical properties of capsules in all 31 different capsule cigarettes commercially available in Korea were investigated, and their menthol contents were determined in this study. Other ingredients in these capsules were also qualitatively analyzed; methyl octanoate, menthone and isopulegol as well as menthol were detected in all the capsules. There is considerable variability in basic physical properties and menthol contents of cigarette capsules depending on their brand styles. The menthol contents of capsules and whole cigarettes are similar or higher than those previously reported for conventional menthol cigarettes. This is the first report on the physical properties of capsules and the fact that a wide range of menthol contents in capsule cigarettes, regardless of flavor types, allows smokers to select menthol content to their liking.

ACS Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Eun Chul Pack; Ye Ji Koo; Ye Jin Lee; Dae Kwan Sung; Seung Ha Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyeng Hee Kwon; Kyung Min Lim; Dae Yong Jang; Dal Woong Choi. Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2018, 92, 420 -428.

AMA Style

Hyung Soo Kim, Eun Chul Pack, Ye Ji Koo, Ye Jin Lee, Dae Kwan Sung, Seung Ha Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyeng Hee Kwon, Kyung Min Lim, Dae Yong Jang, Dal Woong Choi. Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2018; 92 ():420-428.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyung Soo Kim; Eun Chul Pack; Ye Ji Koo; Ye Jin Lee; Dae Kwan Sung; Seung Ha Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyeng Hee Kwon; Kyung Min Lim; Dae Yong Jang; Dal Woong Choi. 2018. "Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 92, no. : 420-428.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2018 in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

A total of 38 hazardous constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke of low-yield cigarettes sold in Korea were selected and analyzed using established methods. Risk calculations were performed using risk algorithms employed in previous studies and Korean population-based exposure parameters. The median cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk of male smokers could vary from 828 × 10−6 to 2510 × 10−6, and that of female smokers could range from 440 × 10−6 to 1300 × 10−6, depending on the smoking regimens. The median hazard index as the sum of hazard quotients of male smokers varied from 367 to 1,225, and that of female smokers varied from 289 to 970, depending on the smoking regimens. The sensitivity analysis for this risk assessment indicated that the constituent yields in mainstream cigarette smoke, average number of cigarettes smoked per day or year, and mouth-spill rate are the main risk factors. Statistical positive correlations between the average daily dose calculated by the exposure algorithm used in this study for individual smokers and biomarkers verified the reliability of this assessment. It could be concluded that inhalation of the constituents present in the mainstream of low-yield cigarettes has significant cancer and non-cancer health risks, although its effect on risk reduction is still unknown under the fixed machine-smoking conditions.

ACS Style

Eun Chul Pack; Dae Yong Jang; Hyung Soo Kim; Seung Ha Lee; Hae Young Kim; Seok Ho Song; Hoon Sik Cho; Kyeng Hee Kwon; Kun Ho Park; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2018, 94, 152 -162.

AMA Style

Eun Chul Pack, Dae Yong Jang, Hyung Soo Kim, Seung Ha Lee, Hae Young Kim, Seok Ho Song, Hoon Sik Cho, Kyeng Hee Kwon, Kun Ho Park, Kyung Min Lim, Dal Woong Choi. Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2018; 94 ():152-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun Chul Pack; Dae Yong Jang; Hyung Soo Kim; Seung Ha Lee; Hae Young Kim; Seok Ho Song; Hoon Sik Cho; Kyeng Hee Kwon; Kun Ho Park; Kyung Min Lim; Dal Woong Choi. 2018. "Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 94, no. : 152-162.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2009 in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
Reads 0
Downloads 0

As a national project, obtaining information on the amount of heavy metal exposure of individuals through food intake is an important basic parameter for risk assessment. This study was conducted to evaluate dietary exposure levels and various risks from mercury (Hg) in Korean foods. In total, 342 samples comprising 114 food items were collected and then cooked prior to analysis. As found by Hg analysis, the mean content of metal in the fish and shellfish group was highest among the 15 Korean food groups. The total daily amount of Hg intake from typical Korean foods was 2.40 μg/person/d. The daily amount (μg/person/d) of Hg intake from each food group was 0.155 in grains and cereals, 0.008 potatoes and starch, 0.005 sugars and sweets, 0.0093 pulses, 0.0018 nuts and seeds, 0.203 vegetables, 0.027 fruits, 0.021 meats and poultry, 0.004 eggs, 1.826 fish and shellfish, 0.022 seaweed, 0.043 milk and dairy products, 0.008 oils and fats, 0.042 beverages, and 0.023 seasonings. The fish and shellfish group contributed most to total dietary intake at 76%. For risk assessment, probable daily intake (PDI) was calculated and compared with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The level of Hg intake through fish and shellfish of 0.001 mg/kg body weight bw/wk corresponded to 4.54% of the PTWI value of 0.005 mg/kg bw/wk, the safety standard for JECFA. The level of Hg intake through selected foods from the Food list for Koreans was 0.001 mg/kg bw/wk, corresponding to 5.95% of PTWI value. Therefore, overall intake was at levels below the recommended JECFA levels. The relative gender Hg hazard from Korean foods was 6.26% and 5.5% for males and females, respectively. The relative age Hg hazard from Korean foods was, 8.9% in those 3–6 yr old, 6.7% in those 7–12 yr old, 5.2% in those 13–19 yr old, 5.9% in those 20–29 yr old, 6.3% in those 30–49 yr old, 5.6% in those ages 50–64 yr, and 3.7% in the group of those over 65 yr of age. Relative regional Hg hazard from Korean foods was 6.3% in urban versus 5.5% in rural areas. Thus, the amount of Hg intake through consumption of Korean foods was found to be at a relatively safe level. These data may be thus used to establish safety standards for fish and shellfish consumption.

ACS Style

Young Min Kwon; Haeng Shin Lee; Dong Chul Yoo; Chun Huem Kim; Gi Sun Kim; Ji Ae Kim; Yu Na Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Mo Kang; Ki Mi No; Ock Jin Paek; Jung Hyuk Seo; Hoon Choi; Sung Kug Park; Dong Mi Choi; Dong Sul Kim; Dal Woong Choi. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mercury from the Korean Total Diet Study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 2009, 72, 1 .

AMA Style

Young Min Kwon, Haeng Shin Lee, Dong Chul Yoo, Chun Huem Kim, Gi Sun Kim, Ji Ae Kim, Yu Na Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyung Mo Kang, Ki Mi No, Ock Jin Paek, Jung Hyuk Seo, Hoon Choi, Sung Kug Park, Dong Mi Choi, Dong Sul Kim, Dal Woong Choi. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mercury from the Korean Total Diet Study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 2009; 72 (21-22):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young Min Kwon; Haeng Shin Lee; Dong Chul Yoo; Chun Huem Kim; Gi Sun Kim; Ji Ae Kim; Yu Na Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Mo Kang; Ki Mi No; Ock Jin Paek; Jung Hyuk Seo; Hoon Choi; Sung Kug Park; Dong Mi Choi; Dong Sul Kim; Dal Woong Choi. 2009. "Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mercury from the Korean Total Diet Study." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72, no. 21-22: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2009 in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Young Min Kwon; Haeng Shin Lee; Dong Chul Yoo; Chun Huem Kim; Gi Sun Kim; Ji Ae Kim; Yu Na Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Mo Kang; Ki Mi No; Ock Jin Paek; Jung Hyuk Seo; Hoon Choi; Sung Kug Park; Dong Mi Choi; Dong Sul Kim; Dal Woong Choi. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mercury from the Korean Total Diet Study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 2009, 72, 1484 -1492.

AMA Style

Young Min Kwon, Haeng Shin Lee, Dong Chul Yoo, Chun Huem Kim, Gi Sun Kim, Ji Ae Kim, Yu Na Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyung Mo Kang, Ki Mi No, Ock Jin Paek, Jung Hyuk Seo, Hoon Choi, Sung Kug Park, Dong Mi Choi, Dong Sul Kim, Dal Woong Choi. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mercury from the Korean Total Diet Study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 2009; 72 ():1484-1492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young Min Kwon; Haeng Shin Lee; Dong Chul Yoo; Chun Huem Kim; Gi Sun Kim; Ji Ae Kim; Yu Na Lee; Young Soon Kim; Kyung Mo Kang; Ki Mi No; Ock Jin Paek; Jung Hyuk Seo; Hoon Choi; Sung Kug Park; Dong Mi Choi; Dong Sul Kim; Dal Woong Choi. 2009. "Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mercury from the Korean Total Diet Study." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72, no. : 1484-1492.