The research reported here aims to investigate the pro-environmental behavior of respondents in the context of the concept of homo socio-oeconomicus. The main research question addressed in this paper considers the pro-environmental behavior of Generation Z representatives, due to the fact that this age group is believed to display different behavior patterns. In order to identify the differences in the pro-environmental behaviors of Generation Z, the results obtained from this group have been confronted with declarations of respondents from an older group (aged 25 to 65). It is worth noting that in the research on pro-environmental behavior of households in Poland conducted so far, Generation Z has not been taken into consideration as a separate demographic, so this study aims to make a contribution to the existing research gap. The data on the surveyed population were obtained through a standardized research questionnaire. The survey was carried out using the internet surveying technique—computer-assisted web interview (CAWI). This paper uses descriptive, tabular and graphic methods to analyze and present the collected materials. The basic measures of descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the dataset, i.e., mean, median, mode, Pearson chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U test. The conducted research has shown that the representatives of Generation Z are less engaged in pro-environmental behavior than people from the older age group. Their pro-environmental actions mainly included turning off lights when leaving a room and choosing public transportation as the basic means of transport. For the whole surveyed sample, the most highly rated pro-environmental behaviors included those imposed by legal regulations and those whose implementation brings financial benefits in the form of lower maintenance costs. The main motivating and demotivating factors determining pro-environmental behavior were predominantly economic in nature.

The aim of this research was to examine whether trust influences the functioning of various forms of collective entrepreneurship in rural areas. The study focused on organizations which are most common in rural Poland: agricultural producer organizations, rural women’s circles, and local action groups. Hence, the survey sample included people engaged in these types of collective entrepreneurship. Data collection was based on a standardized questionnaire distributed online utilizing the computer-assisted web interviewing method. The statistical analysis of the empirical material obtained from 132 respondents involved Pearson and Spearman correlation and principal component analysis. The conducted research shows (1) the superior role of personal trust over institutional trust in the emergence and functioning of the studied forms of collective entrepreneurship in rural areas, (2) the greater importance of social than economic factors determining the functioning of rural collective entrepreneurship, (3) the positive impact of generalized trust on trust placed in the forms of entrepreneurship covered by the analysis, (4) the increase in trust over time of cooperation, and (5) the impact of trust on the functioning of collective entrepreneurship, in both the economic and the social dimensions, with a slight advantage of the latter. By focusing on trust, this article contributes to the literature on the role of trust in developing collective entrepreneurship in rural areas. The authors point out that this article only opens the space for a discussion on trust in the concept of the economics of trust.

The paper presents regional differences in direct sales in Poland. The aim of the study was to de­termine the scale and scope of direct sales of animal products in spatial terms. The study covered farms directly selling animal products in 2016. The analysis of the revised 8341 subjects was presented at the county (powiat) level. The counties included in the study were divided into quartiles in order to show the variability and the quantity ranges in the collected data. The analysis showed that the biggest number of entities directly selling animal products was registered in Wielkopolskie voivodship and the smallest number - in Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The division of counties into quartiles showed a large spatial diversity in the sales of unprocessed bee products. The graphical map of Poland shows that bee products sales dominate in the counties located around major cities and tourist cities. W opracowaniu przedstawiono regionalne zróżnicowanie sprzedaży bezpośredniej w Polsce. Celem badań było określenie skali i zakresu rodzajowego sprzedaży bezpośredniej produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego w ujęciu przestrzennym. Przedmiotem badań były gospodarstwa rolników prowadzące sprzedaż bezpośrednią tych produktów w 2016 roku. Analiza zweryfikowanych 8341 podmiotów została przedstawiona na poziomie powiatów, które podzielono na kwartyle w celu ukazania zmienności i zakresów liczebności w badanym materiale. Najwięcej zarejestrowanych podmiotów było w województwie wielkopolskim, a najmniej w świętokrzyskim. Podział powiatów na kwartale wykazał duże zróżnicowanie przestrzenne sprzedaży nieprzetworzonych produktów pochodzenia pszczelego, a sprzedaż bezpośrednia produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego dominowała w powiatach zlokalizowanych wokół dużych miast oraz mających walory turystyczne.

The aim of this article is to indicate problems connected with the process of building a traditional food products market. Special attention is paid to its weakness ensuing from its small capacity caused by poor knowledge of traditional products among Polish consumers. On the other hand the paper points out to a niche like character, a poor distribution network and a whole system of connections and common activities in this market. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie problemów budowy rynku żywnościowych produktów tradycyjnych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na słabość wynikającą, z jednej strony, z jego małej pojemności, na co składa się słaba znajomość produktów tradycyjnych wśród polskich konsumentów. Z drugiej strony przyczynia się do tego jego niszowość, słaba dystrybucja oraz cały system powiązań i wspólnych działań.

Methane (CH₄) emissions (F_CH4) from northern freshwater lakes are not only significant but also highly variable in time and one driver variable suggested to be important is precipitation. Rain can have various, potentially large effects on F_CH4 across multiple time frames, and verifying the impact of rain on lake F_CH4 is key to understand both contemporary flux regulation, and to predict future F_CH4 related to possible changes in frequency and intensity of rainfall from climate change. The main objective of this study was to assess the short-term impact of typically occurring rain events with different intensity on F_CH4 from various lake types located in hemiboreal, boreal, and subarctic Sweden. In spite of high time resolution automated flux measurements across different depth zones and covering numerous commonly types of rain events in northern areas, in general, no strong impact on F_CH4 during and within 24 h after the rainfall could be observed. Only in deeper lake areas and during longer rain events F_CH4 was weakly related to rain (R² = 0.29, p < 0.05), where a minor F_CH4 decrease during the rain was identified, suggesting that direct rainwater input, during greater rainfall, may decrease F_CH4 by dilution of surface water CH₄. Overall, this study indicates that typical rain events in the studied regions have minor direct short-term effects on F_CH4 from northern lakes and do not enhance F_CH4 from shallow and deeper parts of lakes during and up to 24-h after the rainfall. Instead, other factors such as wind speed, water temperature and pressure changes were more strongly correlated with lake F_CH4.

Agricultural production, including animal husbandry, is associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which have a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine methane and nitrous oxide emissions at the level of individual farms and to identify differences in emissions by type of production. Analyses were conducted using data from the FADN agricultural accounting system, covering the farms in Poland engaged in dairy production and the breeding of other grazing livestock for the period from 2012 to 2021. The relationships and trends of the indicators during the study period were also analyzed. The statistical analysis confirmed the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and economic performance. In the case of dairy farms, the emissions averaged 137.09 kg·ha⁻¹ of methane and 94.05 kg·ha⁻¹ of nitrous oxide, which were found to increase as the net-added value and farm income increased. The results of the presented research highlight the existence of a link between economic goals and GHG emissions, which is an important contribution to the development of mitigation strategies in livestock production.