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A diabetes risk score cannot directly be translated and applied in different populations, and its performance should be evaluated in the target population. This study aimed to translate the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) instrument and compare its performance with the modified version for detecting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dysglycaemia among the Indonesian adult population. Forward and backward translations were performed and followed by cultural adaptation. In total, 1,403 participants were recruited. The FINDRISC-Bahasa Indonesia (FINDRISC-BI) was scored according to the original FINDRISC instrument, while a Modified FINDRISC-BI was analyzed using a specific body mass index and waist circumference classification for Indonesians. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and the optimal cut-offs of both instruments were estimated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting undiagnosed T2DM was 0.73 (0.67–0.78) for the FINDRISC-BI with an optimal cut-off score of ≥9 (sensitivity = 63.0%; specificity = 67.3%) and 0.72 (0.67–0.78) for the Modified FINDRISC-BI with an optimal cut-off score of ≥11 (sensitivity = 59.8%; specificity = 74.9%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting dysglycaemia was 0.72 (0.69–0.75) for the FINDRISC-BI instrument with an optimal cut-off score of ≥8 (sensitivity = 66.4%; specificity = 67.0%), and 0.72 (0.69–0.75) for the Modified FINDRISC-BI instrument with an optimal cut-off score ≥9 (sensitivity = 63.8%; specificity = 67.6%). The Indonesian version of the FINDRISC instrument has acceptable diagnostic accuracy for screening people with undiagnosed T2DM or dysglycaemia in Indonesia. Modifying the body mass index and waist circumference classifications in the Modified FINDRISC-BI results in a similar diagnostic accuracy; however, the Modified FINDRISC-BI has a higher optimal cut-off point than the FINDRISC-BI. People with an above optimal cut-off score are suggested to take a further blood glucose test.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Albuminuria has been proven to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.• Such an association has been found not only in subjects with diabetes and hypertension, but also in the general population.• It could therefore be expected that especially subjects with higher albuminuria levels may benefit from blood pressure‐lowering agents to improve their cardiovascular outcome. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study indicates that the efficacy of blood pressure‐lowering agents to prevent cardiovascular events is dependent of the level of albuminuria before start of such treatment.• The higher baseline albuminuria, the better the relative and absolute risk reduction for cardiovascular events with blood pressure‐lowering drugs.• The data also suggest a possible better cardiovascular protective effect of renin–angiotensin intervening agents compared with other blood pressure‐lowering agents.AIMS: Albuminuria has been proven to be associated with cardiovascular (CV) events in specific patient populations, but also in the general population. This study aimed to investigate whether the efficacy of blood pressure‐lowering agents in preventing CV events depends on baseline urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and, if so, whether this holds true for blood pressure‐lowering agents in general, or is limited to agents that interfere in the renin–angiotensin system.METHODS: Data were used from a community‐based cohort study and pharmacy dispensing records. Included were subjects with hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg), no cardiovascular disease history, and no previous use of blood pressure‐lowering agents.RESULTS: During study follow‐up (7.1 ± 1.6 years), 122 CV events were observed in 1185 subjects included. Start of blood pressure‐lowering agents vs. non‐use was associated with a difference in absolute CV event risk of 0.7%, 6% and 12.6% for all subjects, those with UAE ≥ 15 mg day⁻¹ and ≥30 mg day⁻¹, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that the relative risk for CV events after start of blood pressure‐lowering agents was significantly dependent (P < 0.05) on baseline UAE; with hazard ratios of 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48, 1.60, P = NS], 0.58 (95% CI 0.36, 0.94, P < 0.05) and 0.37 (95% CI 0.20, 0.68, P < 0.05), for subjects with UAE < 15, ≥15 and ≥30 mg day⁻¹, respectively. Results adjusted for covariates were essentially similar. The use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin‐II receptor blocker (ACEi/ARB) treatment tended to be associated with a more favourable CV prognosis when compared with non‐ACEi/ARB treatment (difference P = 0.06).CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the efficacy of blood pressure‐lowering agents to prevent CV events is dependent on baseline albuminuria. The higher baseline albuminuria, the more absolute as well as relative risk reduction can be achieved. Our data suggest that this may especially be true for ACEi/ARBs. We caution that this is an observational study, and that these conclusions should therefore be regarded as hypothesis generating, rather than hypothesis testing.