CAMEL is considered one of the well-known banking rating systems used to build a proper bank ranking. In our paper, we investigate the CAMEL rating for Saudi banks, which is considered the second largest banking sector in GCC. The Saudi banking sector consists of 11 banks and is the leading sector in the Saudi stock index (TASI). In this research, we aim to determine the ranking of Saudi banks according to CAMEL composite and CAMEL overall ratings and explore the effects of these ratings on banks’ total deposits for the period from 2014 to 2018. The methodology involves four phases. In the first phase, we calculate the key financial ratios of CAMEL’s composites for each bank. In the second phase, we rank the banks from 1 to 11 to each one of CAMEL’s composites for each bank per year. In the third phase, we rank Saudi banks according to CAMEL composite and CAMEL overall. Finally, in the fourth phase, we run a regression model using CAMEL financial ratios rank as independent variable and banks’ total deposits as a dependent variable. Using the stepwise regression method, the results indicated that the best regression model has an adjusted R² of 73.4% and a standard error of around 0.58. The results further indicated that capital measured by CAR, management as an efficiency ratio, earning with ROE proxy, and liquidity as loans to deposits have positive effects on banks’ total deposits. Meanwhile, earnings as net interest income to net revenue and liquidity calculated by CASA have a negative effect on banks’ total deposits. Finally, asset quality ratios and the rest of the ratios have no significant effect on banks’ total deposits.

The World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. In this study, we examine the effect of COVID-19 indicators and policy response on the Saudi banking index. COVID-19 variables that were applied are: new confirmed and fatal COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia; lockdowns; first and second decreases in interest rates; regulations, and oil prices. We implemented the analysis by running a stepwise regression analysis then building an artificial neural network (ANN) model. According to regression findings, oil prices and new confirmed cases have had a significant positive effect on the Saudi banking index. Nevertheless, the lockdown announcements in Saudi Arabia and the first decrease in interest rates had a significant negative effect on the Saudi banking index. To enhance the performance of the linear regression model, the ANN model was built. Findings showed that the ranking of the variables in terms of their importance is: oil price, number of confirmed cases, lockdown announcements, decrease in interest rates, and lastly, regulations.

This study investigates the effectiveness of six of the key international indices in estimating Saudi financial market (TADAWUL) index (TASI) movement. To investigate the relationship between TASI and other variables, six equations were built using two independent variables of time and international index, while TASI was the dependent variable. Linear, logarithmic, quadratic, cubic, power, and exponential equations were separately used to achieve the targeted results. The results reveal that power equation is the best equation for forecasting the TASI index with a low error rate and high determination coefficient. Additionally, findings of the AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model represent the most important variables to use in order to build a prediction model that can estimate the TASI index. The ARIMA model (with Expert Modeler) coefficients are described as ARIMA (0,1,14). The results show that the SP500, NIKKEI, CAC40, and HSI indices are the most suitable variables for estimating TASI with an R² and RMSE equal to 0.993 and 113, respectively. This relationship can be used on the previous day to estimate the opening price of TASI based on the closing prices of international indices.

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic virus has affected the largest economies around the world, especially Group 8 and Group 20. The increasing numbers of confirmed and deceased cases of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide are causing instability in stock indices every day. These changes resulted in the G8 suffering major losses due to the spread of the pandemic. This paper aims to study the impact of COVID-19 events using country lockdown announcement on the most important stock indices in G8 by using seven lockdown variables. To find the impact of the COVID-19 virus on G8, a correlation analysis and an artificial neural network model are adopted. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, a Pearson correlation is used to study the strength of lockdown variables on international indices, where neural network is used to build a prediction model that can estimate the movement of stock markets independently. The neural network used two performance metrics including R² and mean square error (MSE). Findings: The results of stock indices prediction showed that R² values of all G8 are between 0.979 and 0.990, where MSE values are between 54 and 604. The results showed that the COVID-19 events had a strong negative impact on stock movement, with the lowest point on the March of all G8 indices. Besides, the US lockdown and interest rate changes are the most affected by the G8 stock trading, followed by Germany, France and the UK. Originality/value: The study has used artificial intelligent neural network to study the impact of US lockdown, decrease the interest rate in the USA and the announce of lockdown in different G8 countries.

In the past two decades, especially after the financial crisis of 2007–09, the literature for examining the availability of integration between the stock exchanges in developed and developing markets has grown. The importance of this topic stems from the significant implications of the linkage between exchange markets on various decisions taken by interested parties, such as policymakers and investors, in the decisions for portfolio diversification. This study examines the relationship between a developing stock exchange index, Amman Stock Exchange Index (ASEI), and the number of international indices, including S&P 500, NASDAQ, Nikkei, DAX, CAC, and HSI for 2008‐2019. To validate the availability of the linkage between the indices, the author includes various tests of a correlation coefficient, stepwise regression analysis, and artificial neural network (ANN). Despite the results indicating that the ANN is more efficient than linear regression in investigating the availability of the relationship between ASEI and international indices, stepwise regression and neural network support this relationship. Furthermore, ANN results revealed that the S&P 500 index and year have the most substantial relationship with ASEI. Our research is theoretically and practically important; policymakers and investors can benefit from our findings. Future studies may explore the effect of different international stock market indices on ASEI or other developing markets. Further studies can use macroeconomic factors to build prediction models for stock market indices.

This study aims to explore the effects of COVID-19 indicators and the oil price crash on the Saudi Exchange (Tadawul) Trading Volume and Tadawul Index (TASI) for the period from January 1, 2020, to December 2, 2020. The independent variable is oil price, and the COVID-19 indicators are lockdown, first and second decreases of Repo and Reverse Repo rates, Saudi government response, and cumulative deceased cases. The study adopts two phases. In the first phase, linear regression is used to identify the most influential variables affecting Trading volume and TASI. According to the results, the trading volume model is significant with an adjusted R² of 65.5% and a standard error of 81. The findings of this model indicate a positive effect of cumulative deceased cases and first decrease of Repo and Reverse Repo rates and a negative effect of oil prices on Trading Volume. The TASI model is significant with an adjusted R² of 86% and a standard error of 270. The results of this model indicate that lockdown and first decrease of Repo and Reverse Repo rates have a significant negative effect on TASI while the cumulative decrease in cases and oil prices have a positive effect on TASI. In the second phase, linear regression, and neural network predictors (with and without validation) are applied to predict the future TASI values. The neural network model indicates that the neural networks can achieve the best results if all independent variables are used together. By combining the collected results, the study finds that oil price has the most substantial effect on the changes in TASI as compared to the COVID-19 indicators. The results indicate that TASI rapidly follows the changes in oil prices.