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This research investigates the use of a common food waste product for removing four different types of metals typically found in stormwater. Whole, unprocessed oyster shells are explored for use in stormwater management infrastructure that addresses water quality concerns. The role of the shells’ surface area, exposure time, and the solution’s initial concentration on the removal efficiency were examined. Beaker scale experimental results demonstrated very good efficiency by the oyster shells for removing copper ions (80–95%), cadmium ions (50–90%), and zinc ions (30–80%) but the shells were not as effective in removing hexavalent chromium (20–60%). There was a positive relationship between initial concentration and removal efficiency for copper and zinc ions, a negative relationship for hexavalent chromium, and no relationship was found for cadmium ions. There was also a positive relationship between surface area and removal efficiency, and exposure time and removal efficiency. However, after a certain exposure time, the increase in removal efficiency was negligible and desorption was occasionally observed. A mid-scale experiment to mimic real-world conditions was conducted in which continuous inflow based on a 6-h design storm was applied to 2.7 kg of whole, unprocessed oyster shells. The shells provided an 86% and an 84% removal efficiency of cadmium and copper ions, respectively, in one day of hydraulic retention time. No removal was observed for hexavalent chromium, and zinc ion removal was only observed after initial leaching. This work has significant implications for sustainable stormwater infrastructure design using a material commonly found in municipal food waste.
Zhiying Xu; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Yao Zhao. The Efficacy of Whole Oyster Shells for Removing Copper, Zinc, Chromium, and Cadmium Heavy Metal Ions from Stormwater. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4184 .
AMA StyleZhiying Xu, Caterina Valeo, Angus Chu, Yao Zhao. The Efficacy of Whole Oyster Shells for Removing Copper, Zinc, Chromium, and Cadmium Heavy Metal Ions from Stormwater. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhiying Xu; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Yao Zhao. 2021. "The Efficacy of Whole Oyster Shells for Removing Copper, Zinc, Chromium, and Cadmium Heavy Metal Ions from Stormwater." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4184.
A velocity meter was designed and built in order to meet market needs for an affordable instrument that measures the range of velocity magnitudes and direction experienced in medium- to large-sized water bodies. The velocity meter consists of a graduated plate with an injector protruding from the center and a camera held downward above the plate. Once the Dye Injection Velocity (DIV) meter is in the flow, dye is injected and the camera records the dye fluid transport. The recorded video is analyzed to determine the local flow velocity and direction. The DIV was calibrated for a range of velocities between 0.0094 m/s and 0.1566 m/s using particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a flow visualization flume. The accuracy of the instrument was found to be +6.3% and −9.8% of full scale. The coefficient of determination of the calibration curve was equal to 98%. Once calibrated, the DIV was deployed to the Inverness Stormwater pond in Calgary, Canada, for validation tests against an Acoustic Doppler Velocity (ADV) meter. During the validation tests, both flow velocity magnitude and direction were measured at several spatial points. The velocity magnitude results showed good agreement and the Mann-Whitney test showed no statistically significant difference (p-value > 0.05). At two spatial points, the differences between direction data were significant, which could be caused by the random errors involved in the validation test. However, the averaged data showed good agreement.
Farzam Allafchi; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Jianxun He; Waltfred Lee; Peter Oshkai; Norman Neumann. A Velocity Meter for Quantifying Advection Velocity Vectors in Large Water Bodies. Sensors 2020, 20, 7204 .
AMA StyleFarzam Allafchi, Caterina Valeo, Angus Chu, Jianxun He, Waltfred Lee, Peter Oshkai, Norman Neumann. A Velocity Meter for Quantifying Advection Velocity Vectors in Large Water Bodies. Sensors. 2020; 20 (24):7204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarzam Allafchi; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Jianxun He; Waltfred Lee; Peter Oshkai; Norman Neumann. 2020. "A Velocity Meter for Quantifying Advection Velocity Vectors in Large Water Bodies." Sensors 20, no. 24: 7204.
Many regions have turned to low impact development technologies (LIDs), which are implemented to restore the changes in stormwater runoff that have resulted from urbanization. Green roofs are one typical type of LID. Until now, many studies have validated their roles in managing urban stormwater runoff. However, they have also revealed that the performance of green roofs largely varies with their design configuration, as well as their hydro-climatic exposure. The objectives of this review paper are to statistically synthesize the effects of the influential factors, including design and hydrologic variables, on green roof performance and to explore their effects in different climatic zones. The review’s results confirm the differences in the influential variables and, thus, the performance of green roofs in different climatic zones. These are the barriers to knowledge translation among engineering designers, stormwater managers, and policymakers in different climatic zones when implementing green roofs. Consequently, region- or site-specific studies are necessary to implement green roofs with confidence.
Musa Akther; Jianxun He; Angus Chu; Jian Huang; Bert Van Duin. A Review of Green Roof Applications for Managing Urban Stormwater in Different Climatic Zones. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2864 .
AMA StyleMusa Akther, Jianxun He, Angus Chu, Jian Huang, Bert Van Duin. A Review of Green Roof Applications for Managing Urban Stormwater in Different Climatic Zones. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2864.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMusa Akther; Jianxun He; Angus Chu; Jian Huang; Bert Van Duin. 2018. "A Review of Green Roof Applications for Managing Urban Stormwater in Different Climatic Zones." Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2864.
Multiple factors affect green roof performance and their effects might vary at different stages of operation. This paper aimed to link green roof performance to hydrologic variables (antecedent moisture condition (AMC) and rainfall intensity) and design variables (growing medium (GM) type and depth) under multiple dimensions at the early stage of operation using laboratory experiment data. The results showed that the AMC is the most influential factor of hydrologic performance, whereas the GM type appeared to primarily affect the nutrient levels of the outflow. The significant main effects of other variables and interaction effects between two variables point to challenges in green roof design.
Musa Akther; Jianxun He; Angus Chu; Caterina Valeo; Usman T. Khan; Bert Van Duin. Response of green roof performance to multiple hydrologic and design variables: a laboratory investigation. Water Science and Technology 2018, 77, 2834 -2840.
AMA StyleMusa Akther, Jianxun He, Angus Chu, Caterina Valeo, Usman T. Khan, Bert Van Duin. Response of green roof performance to multiple hydrologic and design variables: a laboratory investigation. Water Science and Technology. 2018; 77 (12):2834-2840.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMusa Akther; Jianxun He; Angus Chu; Caterina Valeo; Usman T. Khan; Bert Van Duin. 2018. "Response of green roof performance to multiple hydrologic and design variables: a laboratory investigation." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 12: 2834-2840.
A bioenergy feasibility study was conducted for Canada Safeway on their Lucerne vegetable processing plant located in Lethbridge, Alberta. An energy load profile for the plant was estimated using utility records from the years 2005 to 2007, inclusive. Organic load was calculated from the wastewater utility records for the same period. The study used a common energy unit (the kilowatt, kW) to compare plant energy load with a theoretical biogas yield, and proposes a bioenergy system. Based on two existing cogeneration plants of similar size located in Alberta, a system size of 800 to 1000 kW is proposed. The proposed system assumes wastewater ‘peak shaving’ and the establishment of ‘feedstock co-digestion’. An estimated cost for the facility is CCanadian Dollar (AD) 7M to CAD 8M (2002 dollars), with an assumed return on investment of 8 to 9 years.
Daniel J. Dankewich; Angus Chu; Saurabh Jyoti Sarma; Joo Hwa Tay. Bioenergy feasibility study of a raw corn and peas processing facility in Lethbridge, Alberta. Biofuels 2016, 9, 263 -272.
AMA StyleDaniel J. Dankewich, Angus Chu, Saurabh Jyoti Sarma, Joo Hwa Tay. Bioenergy feasibility study of a raw corn and peas processing facility in Lethbridge, Alberta. Biofuels. 2016; 9 (2):263-272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel J. Dankewich; Angus Chu; Saurabh Jyoti Sarma; Joo Hwa Tay. 2016. "Bioenergy feasibility study of a raw corn and peas processing facility in Lethbridge, Alberta." Biofuels 9, no. 2: 263-272.
This paper examined and compared the hydraulic and environmental performance of permeable interlocking pavers (PICPs), porous asphalt (PA), and porous concrete (PC) under cold climate conditions in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Assessments were made of their hydraulic performance in terms of storm runoff reduction and surface infiltration capacity, and environmental performance in terms of the removal of several pollutants including total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP) and, heavy metals: copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Results from this paper demonstrated that PA, PC, and PICPs are all effective in mitigating storm runoff under cold climate conditions. Surface infiltration rate was substantially affected by winter sanding materials for PA, PC, and PICPs. Pressure washing was demonstrated to be able to partially restore surface infiltration rates for all three types of pavements. All pavement types in general have the same level of performance in removing TSS, TP, TN, and heavy metals. The removal of TSS, TP, and heavy metals appears to be independent of climatic conditions, whereas TN removal tends to decline with a decrease in pavement temperature.
Jian Huang; Caterina Valeo; Jianxun He; Angus Chu. Three Types of Permeable Pavements in Cold Climates: Hydraulic and Environmental Performance. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2016, 142, 04016025 .
AMA StyleJian Huang, Caterina Valeo, Jianxun He, Angus Chu. Three Types of Permeable Pavements in Cold Climates: Hydraulic and Environmental Performance. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2016; 142 (6):04016025.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Huang; Caterina Valeo; Jianxun He; Angus Chu. 2016. "Three Types of Permeable Pavements in Cold Climates: Hydraulic and Environmental Performance." Journal of Environmental Engineering 142, no. 6: 04016025.
A methodology for evaporating human urine from dry toilets using gravity-drainage through vertically stacked plastic ‘cafeteria-type’ trays was tested. A thin layer (500 g) of medium-grained sand on the bottom of each tray enhanced evaporation, ammonia stabilization and solid product removal. A prototype laboratory unit initially evaporated up to 8.5 L m−2 d−1 but decreased to 1.5 L m−2 d−1 over time as salinity increased. The evaporation process produces a dark, highly saline, brine solution before drying to a solid product. The solid product has almost no odor and is mostly comprised of Na, Cl, N, P and K. Nitrogen loss, primarily by ammonia volatilization, significantly decreased the amount of N relative to P and K in the brine and solid product. About 90% of the NH4/NH3 initially present in the input urine was lost in the evaporator system.
David N. Bethune; Angus Chu; M. Cathryn Ryan. Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: a lab study. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2014, 4, 654 -662.
AMA StyleDavid N. Bethune, Angus Chu, M. Cathryn Ryan. Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: a lab study. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2014; 4 (4):654-662.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid N. Bethune; Angus Chu; M. Cathryn Ryan. 2014. "Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: a lab study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 4: 654-662.
Bioretention cells are an urban stormwater management technology used to address both water quality and quantity concerns. A lack of region-specific design guidelines has limited the widespread implementation of bioretention cells, particularly in cold climates. In this paper, experimental data are used to construct a multiple linear regression model to predict hydrological performance of bioretention cells. Nine different observed parameters are considered as candidates for regressors, of which inlet runoff volume and duration, and initial soil moisture were chosen. These three variables are used to construct six different regression models, which are tested against the observations. Statistical analysis showed that the amount of runoff captured by a bioretention cell can be successfully predicted by the inlet runoff volume and event duration. Historical data is then used to calculate runoff volume for a given duration, in different catchment types. This data is used in the regression model to predict bioretention cell performance. The results are then used to create a design tool which can assist in estimating bioretention cell size to meet different performance goals in southern Alberta. Examples on the functionality of the design tool are provided.
Usman T. Khan; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Jianxun He. A Data Driven Approach to Bioretention Cell Performance: Prediction and Design. Water 2013, 5, 13 -28.
AMA StyleUsman T. Khan, Caterina Valeo, Angus Chu, Jianxun He. A Data Driven Approach to Bioretention Cell Performance: Prediction and Design. Water. 2013; 5 (1):13-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsman T. Khan; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Jianxun He. 2013. "A Data Driven Approach to Bioretention Cell Performance: Prediction and Design." Water 5, no. 1: 13-28.
This study examined the effectiveness of open-joint inter-locking pavers in a permeable pavement in cold (winter) conditions. A field-scale inter-locking paver cell (UNI Eco-Optiloc®) was built to evaluate the hydraulic performance and water quality improvements experienced during freeze-thaw and frozen conditions in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Hydraulic performance was assessed using stormwater runoff reduction (peaks and volumes) and surface infiltration capacity. Water quality performance for removal of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP) and three heavy metals: copper, lead and zinc, was assessed. Results from the study demonstrated that the inter-locking pavers were effective in attenuating stormwater runoff peak volumes. The surface infiltration capacity decreased significantly due to the deposition of sanding and de-icing materials on the pavement surface during winter operation. Infiltrated stormwater was stored and treated within the pavement structure, which showed removal rates of 91% for TSS, 78% for TP, 6% for TN, 68% for zinc, 69% for copper and 55% for lead.
Jian Huang; Caterina Valeo; Jianxun He; Angus Chu. Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality. Water 2012, 4, 995 -1008.
AMA StyleJian Huang, Caterina Valeo, Jianxun He, Angus Chu. Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality. Water. 2012; 4 (4):995-1008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Huang; Caterina Valeo; Jianxun He; Angus Chu. 2012. "Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality." Water 4, no. 4: 995-1008.
This research investigates the potential impacts of climate change on stormwater quantity and quality generated by urban residential areas on an event basis in the rainy season. An urban residential stormwater drainage area in southeast Calgary, Alberta, Canada is the focus of future climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs). A regression‐based statistical downscaling tool was employed to conduct spatial downscaling of daily precipitation and daily mean temperature using projection outputs from the coupled GCM. Projected changes in precipitation and temperature were applied to current climate scenarios to generate future climate scenarios. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) developed for modelling stormwater runoff quantity and quality used projected climate scenarios as network inputs. The hydrological response to climate change was investigated through stormwater runoff volume and peak flow, while the water quality responses were investigated through the event mean value (EMV) of five parameters: turbidity, conductivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. First flush (FF) effects were also noted. Under future climate scenarios, the EMVs of turbidity increased in all storms except for three events of short duration. The EMVs of conductivity were found to decline in small and frequent storms (return period < 5 years); but conductivity EMVs were observed to increase in intensive events (return period ≥ 5 years). In general, an increasing EMV was observed for water temperature, whereas a decreasing trend was found for DO EMV. No clear trend was found in the EMV of pH. In addition, projected future climate scenarios do not produce a stronger FF effect on dissolved solids and suspended solids compared to that produced by the current climate scenario. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jianxun He; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Norman F. Neumann. Stormwater quantity and quality response to climate change using artificial neural networks. Hydrological Processes 2010, 25, 1298 -1312.
AMA StyleJianxun He, Caterina Valeo, Angus Chu, Norman F. Neumann. Stormwater quantity and quality response to climate change using artificial neural networks. Hydrological Processes. 2010; 25 (8):1298-1312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianxun He; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Norman F. Neumann. 2010. "Stormwater quantity and quality response to climate change using artificial neural networks." Hydrological Processes 25, no. 8: 1298-1312.
Understanding storm-water runoff quality is required to develop effective urban storm-water runoff management for regions of semiarid climate. In this study, the quality of storm-water runoff from a semiarid, urban residential catchment, draining through separated storm-water sewers was investigated in 2006 and 2007. Water temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity were continuously measured during 16 storm events. Storm-water runoff quality was characterized in terms of event mean values (EMVs), loads, and first flush (FF) loads and their relationships with rainfall characteristics. Discharge of total suspended solids (TSSs) is in general governed by the flow magnitude in storms and no significant relationships exist between the FF loads of TSS and rainfall intensity. The discharge of dissolved solids is independent of the flow magnitude. Strong FF effect for dissolved solids and weak FF effect for TSS were observed. This semiarid region provided no relationship between the EMVs of both TSS and conductivity and the antecedent dry period. This raises doubts on storm-water runoff being more heavily loaded with pollutants after a longer dry period in semiarid regions.
Jianxun He; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Norman F. Neumann. Characterizing Physicochemical Quality of Storm-Water Runoff from an Urban Area in Calgary, Alberta. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2010, 136, 1206 -1217.
AMA StyleJianxun He, Caterina Valeo, Angus Chu, Norman F. Neumann. Characterizing Physicochemical Quality of Storm-Water Runoff from an Urban Area in Calgary, Alberta. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2010; 136 (11):1206-1217.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianxun He; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Norman F. Neumann. 2010. "Characterizing Physicochemical Quality of Storm-Water Runoff from an Urban Area in Calgary, Alberta." Journal of Environmental Engineering 136, no. 11: 1206-1217.
Bioretention cells are an emerging technology used to capture and treat urban stormwater runoff before it enters the drainage system. However, studies of bioretention cell use in cold climates have been very limited. To evaluate the efficacy of bioretention cells in cold climates, both field and laboratory experiments were conducted. Results from field experiments indicate a high rate of runoff volume capture (96.31%) and a high rate of contaminant mass capture (99% for solids, and more than 80% for nutrients, BOD-5 and chloride). Laboratory experiments show a high rate of nutrient leaching, decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity and high capture rate of TSS.
U. T. Khan; C. Valeo; A. Chu; B. Van Duin. Bioretention Cell Efficacy in Cold Climates. Low Impact Development 2010 2010, 1 .
AMA StyleU. T. Khan, C. Valeo, A. Chu, B. Van Duin. Bioretention Cell Efficacy in Cold Climates. Low Impact Development 2010. 2010; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleU. T. Khan; C. Valeo; A. Chu; B. Van Duin. 2010. "Bioretention Cell Efficacy in Cold Climates." Low Impact Development 2010 , no. : 1.
This study investigates the processes and characteristics of solids removal in two types of permeable pavement: UNI Eco-Stone and porous asphalt. The mechanisms and processes behind solids removal within permeable pavement structures was studied for these two types of permeable pavements using both field installations and laboratory experiments. Results from the study showed that both pavement types are capable of excellent total suspended solids removal, in the range of 90 to 96% removal of solids from influent. Particle size distribution analysis of accumulated sediment within the pavement structure and in the influent and effluent showed that the particles in the effluent of the pavements are substantially finer than that in the influent. Laboratory results involving no crust formation indicated that, although solids removal occurs throughout the entire structure, the "sieving action" occurs primarily at the geotextile interface.
Chris Brown; Angus Chu; Bert Van Duin; Caterina Valeo. Characteristics of Sediment Removal in Two Types of Permeable Pavement. Water Quality Research Journal 2009, 44, 59 -70.
AMA StyleChris Brown, Angus Chu, Bert Van Duin, Caterina Valeo. Characteristics of Sediment Removal in Two Types of Permeable Pavement. Water Quality Research Journal. 2009; 44 (1):59-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChris Brown; Angus Chu; Bert Van Duin; Caterina Valeo. 2009. "Characteristics of Sediment Removal in Two Types of Permeable Pavement." Water Quality Research Journal 44, no. 1: 59-70.
Stormwater reuse for irrigating public lands presents a viable option for reducing potable water demand in urban settings. However, stormwater generally contains high pollutant levels, which may cause adverse effects on public health and the environment. Water quality in a stormwater retention pond in the City of Calgary, Alberta, was examined in order to assess the feasibility of reusing stormwater for irrigation purposes. Field campaigns were conducted in the 2004, 2005, and 2006 irrigation seasons. The water quality data indicated that the pond water quality generally satisfies the requirements for stormwater recycled as irrigation water. Relationships between stormwater quality and climatological variables were investigated using correlation and regression analysis. Their correlations suggest that intermittent rain events contribute to elevated microbial levels and total suspended solids (TSS). Other climatological variables—air temperature, cloud cover, wind speed, and relative humidity—are also correlated with certain water quality parameters including fecal coliform (FC), TSS, nutrients, and conductivity. Formulated regression equations demonstrate good predictions of observed FC and TSS using climatological variables. Results showing stormwater quality as a function of climatological variables imply that climate change might have potential influence on stormwater quality.
Jianxun He; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Norman F. Neumann. Water Quality Assessment in the Application of Stormwater Reuse for Irrigating Public Lands. Water Quality Research Journal 2008, 43, 145 -159.
AMA StyleJianxun He, Caterina Valeo, Angus Chu, Norman F. Neumann. Water Quality Assessment in the Application of Stormwater Reuse for Irrigating Public Lands. Water Quality Research Journal. 2008; 43 (2-3):145-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianxun He; Caterina Valeo; Angus Chu; Norman F. Neumann. 2008. "Water Quality Assessment in the Application of Stormwater Reuse for Irrigating Public Lands." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 2-3: 145-159.
Public health authorities generally recommend annual water‐quality monitoring of rural water wells and shock chlorination if coliforms are detected. It is implicitly assumed that shock chlorination is effective in ridding most wells of bacteriological pathogens for months to years. Neither annual monitoring nor shock chlorination was effective in addressing coliform contamination of selected water wells in a small town developed on an alluvial aquifer where septic system effluents are impacting well water quality. Considerable temporal variation in total and fecal coliforms was observed in water wells monitored for a six‐month period. Individual wells intermittently met and exceeded the drinking water criteria, indicating annual sampling was insufficient. Shock chlorination of three contaminated wells and their associated distribution systems proved ineffective because colonies apparently originated from outside the wells and reappeared over relatively short time periods (ranging from less than one week up to 21 weeks). The relatively fast and similar rate of recovery of total heterotrophic bacteria suggested they are related to biofilm formation in the wells and not to ground water contamination.
J.A. Oliphant; M.C. Ryan; A. Chu; T.W. Lambert. Efficacy of Annual Bacteria Monitoring and Shock Chlorination in Wells Finished in a Floodplain Aquifer. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 2002, 22, 66 -72.
AMA StyleJ.A. Oliphant, M.C. Ryan, A. Chu, T.W. Lambert. Efficacy of Annual Bacteria Monitoring and Shock Chlorination in Wells Finished in a Floodplain Aquifer. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation. 2002; 22 (4):66-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.A. Oliphant; M.C. Ryan; A. Chu; T.W. Lambert. 2002. "Efficacy of Annual Bacteria Monitoring and Shock Chlorination in Wells Finished in a Floodplain Aquifer." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 22, no. 4: 66-72.
Although composite chemical analyses, such as total petroleumhydrocarbons and total metals, are often used to assess theextent of contamination at an industrial site, it is difficultto relate chemical analyses to the environmental andtoxicological effects of soil contamination. Since toxicity isrelated to contaminant bioavailability and solubility,identification and quantification of leachable contaminantsshould provide an indication of the environmental hazard of the site contaminants. Experiments were performed to determine theleachability and toxicity of contaminants from a flare pit soilwhich was extensively contaminated with hydrocarbons, metals andsalt. Toxicity bioassays included earthworm mortality(Lumbricus terrestris), seed germination and root elongation(Lactuca sativa and Panicum miliaceum L.),algal growth inhibition (Selenastrum capricornutum) andbacterial luminescence inhibition (Pseudomonasfluorescens). Although this soil would require remediationaccording to chemically based soil criteria, neither the contaminated soil nor leachate generated from the contaminated soil were particularly toxic.
S. V. Cook; A. Chu; R. H. Goodman. Leachability and Toxicity of Hydrocarbons, Metals and Salt Contamination from Flare Pit Soil. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2002, 133, 297 -314.
AMA StyleS. V. Cook, A. Chu, R. H. Goodman. Leachability and Toxicity of Hydrocarbons, Metals and Salt Contamination from Flare Pit Soil. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2002; 133 (1/4):297-314.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. V. Cook; A. Chu; R. H. Goodman. 2002. "Leachability and Toxicity of Hydrocarbons, Metals and Salt Contamination from Flare Pit Soil." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 133, no. 1/4: 297-314.
This study compares the toxicological response of the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and a lux‐modified soil and freshwater bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, to saline contamination alone and in the presence of chromium and phenol. Saline solutions are more toxic to P. fluorescens than V. fischeri, and salinity can stimulate luminescence in V. fischeri. Vibrio fischeri is about 10 times more sensitive than P. fluorescens to chromium and phenol. However, the response of P. fluorescens to these toxicants is sensitive to changes in saline contamination, while the response of V. fischeri is not. Therefore, the P. fluorescens bioassay may be a more appropriate bioassay organism than V. fischeri when evaluating the toxicological impact of salinity within saline environmental samples.
Sonja V. Cook; Angus Chu; Ron H. Goodman. Influence of salinity onVibrio fischeriandlux-modifiedPseudomonas fluorescenstoxicity bioassays. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2000, 19, 2474 -2477.
AMA StyleSonja V. Cook, Angus Chu, Ron H. Goodman. Influence of salinity onVibrio fischeriandlux-modifiedPseudomonas fluorescenstoxicity bioassays. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2000; 19 (10):2474-2477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonja V. Cook; Angus Chu; Ron H. Goodman. 2000. "Influence of salinity onVibrio fischeriandlux-modifiedPseudomonas fluorescenstoxicity bioassays." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, no. 10: 2474-2477.
Sonja V. Cook; Angus Chu; Ron H. Goodman. INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ON VIBRIO FISCHERI AND lux-MODIFIED PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS TOXICITY BIOASSAYS. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2000, 19, 2474 .
AMA StyleSonja V. Cook, Angus Chu, Ron H. Goodman. INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ON VIBRIO FISCHERI AND lux-MODIFIED PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS TOXICITY BIOASSAYS. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2000; 19 (10):2474.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonja V. Cook; Angus Chu; Ron H. Goodman. 2000. "INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ON VIBRIO FISCHERI AND lux-MODIFIED PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS TOXICITY BIOASSAYS." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, no. 10: 2474.