Arthropod natural enemies—encompassing predators and parasitoids—form the backbone of sustainable agriculture, delivering irreplaceable ecosystem services via biological pest suppression. Driven by global demand for eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides, research in this domain has grown sharply over the past decade. Here, we report a systematic bibliometric analysis of 6515 Web of Science Core Collection papers focused on arthropod natural enemies in biological control (2016–2025), with the goal of charting the field’s intellectual structure. Performance metrics confirmed an initial rapid increase from 2016 to 2019 followed by a plateau and a slight rise in 2025, with the US, China, and Brazil dominating output. Keyword co-occurrence networks pinpointed core themes, including conservation biological control, predatory mites, and integrated pest management (IPM). Temporal trends further revealed a pivot toward applied work on invasive pest systems. Co-citation analysis uncovered six foundational research clusters, while bibliographic coupling of 2021–2025 papers uncovered five active emerging subfields: landscape ecology and habitat manipulation, tri-trophic interaction mechanisms, high-impact invasive pest biocontrol, non-target risk assessment for introduced agents, and fall armyworm integrated management. We synthesize cross-cutting implications and outline future priorities—including AI-enabled rearing systems, functional biodiversity boosting, climate adaptation, and multifunctional landscape tuning. By consolidating historical progress and forward-looking directions, this framework empowers researchers, extension practitioners, and policymakers to scale sustainable pest management worldwide.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a genetically diverse complex with multiple cryptic species, and some are the most destructive invasive pests of many ornamentals and crops worldwide. Encarsia sophia is an autoparasitoid wasp that demonstrated high efficiency as bio-control agent of whiteflies. However, the immune mechanism of B. tabaci parasitization by E. sophia is unknown. In order to investigate immune response of B. tabaci to E. Sophia parasitization, the transcriptome of E. sophia parasitized B. tabaci nymph was sequenced by Illumina sequencing. De novo assembly generated 393,063 unigenes with average length of 616 bp, in which 46,406 unigenes (15.8% of all unigenes) were successfully mapped. Parasitization by E. sophia had significant effects on the transcriptome profile of B. tabaci nymph. A total of 1482 genes were significantly differentially expressed, of which 852 genes were up-regulated and 630 genes were down-regulated. These genes were mainly involved in immune response, development, metabolism and host signaling pathways. At least 52 genes were found to be involved in the host immune response, 33 genes were involved in the development process, and 29 genes were involved in host metabolism. Taken together, the assembled and annotated transcriptome sequences provided a valuable genomic resource for further understanding the molecular mechanism of immune response of B. tabaci parasitization by E. sophia.

Cadmium (Cd) is a pervasive heavy metal pollutant in agricultural ecosystems, posing toxic threats to crop productivity, food safety, and the efficacy of biological control programs. The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis is a destructive lepidopteran pest of maize in East Asia, while Trichogramma ostriniae serves as the most widely applied egg parasitoid for the sustainable management of this pest in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. However, the cascading effects of sublethal Cd stress transmitted from herbivorous hosts to egg parasitoids remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the sublethal effects of dietary Cd exposure (5.0 mg/kg) on the development and Cd bioaccumulation of ACB, and subsequently evaluated the parasitism performance of the egg parasitoid T. ostriniae reared on Cd-contaminated host eggs. Results showed that chronic Cd exposure did not significantly affect larval weight, male pupal weight, or female pupal weight of ACB, but significantly increased female adult body weight, indicating stage-specific stimulatory effects. Cd concentrations in larvae, female pupae, and female adults of ACB were markedly elevated following dietary exposure, with the highest Cd loads detected in female pupae (41.23 mg/kg). However, maternal Cd transfer to eggs did not result in a statistically significant increase in egg Cd concentration. Notably, parasitism by T. ostriniae on Cd-contaminated ACB eggs significantly increased the number of eggs parasitized, although offspring emergence rate and female progeny ratio remained unaffected. This study fills the research gap regarding the trophic transfer of Cd between ACB and T. ostriniae, clarifies the complex bottom-up effects of Cd pollution on host–parasitoid interactions, and provides empirical references for the rational deployment of T. ostriniae as a biocontrol agent in Cd-contaminated maize fields.

Objectively defining an effective choice is crucial for the reliability of results in insect olfactory behavior research. Relying on subjective time thresholds often leads to inconsistent findings, primarily due to the high likelihood of mistaking an accidental intrusion for an effective choice. Our analysis indicated that 29% of preference responses were not consistent among 0 s, 15 s, 30 s, and 60 s, when these thresholds were applied to evaluate the behavioral responses of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) to 20 odorants in a four-arm olfactometer. This inconsistency arises because subjective thresholds fail to distinguish between accidental, transient entries and sustained, purposeful choices, leading to false positives or false negatives. To address this issue, we compiled a database of the initial stay duration of T. japonicum in the odor zone, and applied the 5th percentile of its empirical distribution—a widely accepted statistical standard for excluding extreme outliers (i.e., accidental brief entries) in medical and biological research—as the threshold to differentiate between accidental intrusion and effective choice. We then systematically assessed the behavioral responses of T. japonicum to 20 odorants and validated the authenticity of olfactory preferences through oviposition choice experiments. A continuous stay of ≥10 s was determined as an effective choice. Based on this criterion, T. japonicum exhibited significant preference for 0.1 μg/μL α-pinene, 0.01 μg/μL D-limonene and 0.001 μg/μL citral, whereas avoiding 10 μg/μL β-ionone. The results of the oviposition choice experiments showed high consistency with the olfactory behavioral preferences, confirming the reliability of this standard in predicting its actual host selection decisions. Collectively, this study proposes a data-driven protocol for establishing an objective and stable behavioral criterion in insect olfactory behavior research.