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The current study investigated the development of a sustainable thermo-chemical approach to effectively optimize MgO-waste activated GGBS formulations, using four types of magnesium oxide (MgO) waste materials with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to develop binary cementitious systems (MgO-GGBS). This stems from the expected complexity of cementitious binder optimization outcomes into a simpler analytic form, enhancing the rapid delivery of optimization results and contributing to the global awareness of sustainable approaches and use of industrial wastes. Three levels of Portland cement by weight (90, 80, and 70 wt.%) was replaced with MgO wastes including an industrial by-product (GGBS) to develop an experimental regime. Investigation was carried out by employing an experiment-based optimisation technique (thermo-chemical approach), which involved the design of an experimental regime and application of experimental tests (pH measurements, thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis—TG/DTG and isothermal calorimetry), establishment of design variable/parameters, measurement of the design performance of the identified design parameters, and review of the relationship between the independent (control) and dependent variables (MgO wastes and their compositions). The experimental test results successfully optimised the binder compositions, established the best performing binder system (MG1), and provided an in-depth insight into the thermal stability and hydration kinetics of the investigated binder systems.
Blessing Adeleke; John Kinuthia; Jonathan Oti. Optimization of MgO-GGBS Cementitious Systems Using Thermo-Chemical Approaches. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9378 .
AMA StyleBlessing Adeleke, John Kinuthia, Jonathan Oti. Optimization of MgO-GGBS Cementitious Systems Using Thermo-Chemical Approaches. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlessing Adeleke; John Kinuthia; Jonathan Oti. 2021. "Optimization of MgO-GGBS Cementitious Systems Using Thermo-Chemical Approaches." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9378.
This study investigates the effects of two different Blaine fineness and three distinct curing conditions on the physico-mechanical properties of a geopolymer-ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) binder mortar activated through a combination of NaOH/NaS alkalis. By ensuring constant curing and mixing conditions, geopolymer mortar (GPM) specimens were prepared and evaluated to determine their capillary water sorption, capillarity coefficient, and change in unit weight, alongside their compressive strength and flexural strength 3, 7, 28, and 56 d after production. It was found that the capillary water sorption decreased by approximately 50% as the curing temperature of the water increased from ambient temperature to 22 °C. The coefficient of capillarity remained constant across the geopolymer materials, irrespective of the Blaine fineness of the GGBFS. Furthermore, the increase in the unit weight, owing to the variation in the Blaine fineness of GGBFS, results in a reduction in the water sorption properties of GPMs. The GGBFS and alkali-based binders imparted a continuous increase in the compressive and flexural strengths. The results revealed that a Blaine fineness of 6000 cm2/g in the GGBFS under water-curing conditions imparted the most significant advantageous effect on the physico-mechanical properties of a GGBFS binder mortar activated through a combination of NaOH/NaS alkalis.
Hasan Biricik; Mehmet Serkan Kırgız; André Gustavo De Sousa Galdino; Said Kenai; Jahangir Mirza; John Kinuthia; Ahmed Ashteyat; Anwar Khitab; Jamal Khatib. Activation of slag through a combination of NaOH/NaS alkali for transforming it into geopolymer slag binder mortar – assessment the effects of two different Blaine fines and three different curing conditions. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 14, 1569 -1584.
AMA StyleHasan Biricik, Mehmet Serkan Kırgız, André Gustavo De Sousa Galdino, Said Kenai, Jahangir Mirza, John Kinuthia, Ahmed Ashteyat, Anwar Khitab, Jamal Khatib. Activation of slag through a combination of NaOH/NaS alkali for transforming it into geopolymer slag binder mortar – assessment the effects of two different Blaine fines and three different curing conditions. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 14 ():1569-1584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasan Biricik; Mehmet Serkan Kırgız; André Gustavo De Sousa Galdino; Said Kenai; Jahangir Mirza; John Kinuthia; Ahmed Ashteyat; Anwar Khitab; Jamal Khatib. 2021. "Activation of slag through a combination of NaOH/NaS alkali for transforming it into geopolymer slag binder mortar – assessment the effects of two different Blaine fines and three different curing conditions." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 14, no. : 1569-1584.
This study covers an in-depth investigation into the properties and practicality of the utilization of up to 40% Alumina Waste Filler (AWF) as a partial Portland Cement (PC) replacement material. AWF is a by-product from the recycling of aluminium, produced when salt slag is smelted and cleaned. Its use in concrete will lessen the landfill requirements for AWF disposal, and reduce the strain of the growing requirements and cost of PC. The results obtained from this study showed that the addition of AWF to the concrete mix caused a reduction in the compressive and tensile splitting strength values, and a less-workable concrete was achieved for every increase in the quantity of AWF added to each mix. The addition of AWF influenced the hydration reaction process and reduced the cumulative production of the heat of hydration over time, whilst the permeability of the concrete decreased.
Jonathan Oti; John Kinuthia; Blessing Adeleke. The Strength Characterisation of Concrete Made with Alumina Waste Filler. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10235 .
AMA StyleJonathan Oti, John Kinuthia, Blessing Adeleke. The Strength Characterisation of Concrete Made with Alumina Waste Filler. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan Oti; John Kinuthia; Blessing Adeleke. 2020. "The Strength Characterisation of Concrete Made with Alumina Waste Filler." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10235.
Expansion of soils has been found to produce significant negative economic and environmental impact on various civil engineering infrastructure. This impact is more deleterious in soils containing sulphates, when treated with calcium-based stabilizers such as Lime and/or Portland cement (PC). The reported study investigated the strength and swell characteristics of Kaolinite clay artificially induced with high levels of Gypsum (sulphate) contents after stabilization with CEM I (PC), which is a calcium-based stabilizer. An optimum stabilizer content/Gypsum dosage, aimed at investigating the maximum magnitude of expansion possible using high levels of 10, 15 and 20% Gypsum contents (4.7, 7 and 9.3 wt.% sulphate) stabilized with calcium-based content of 7, 8, 9 and 10 wt.%. This was expected to provide further understanding on the mechanisms behind high sulphate-bearing clay soils, and the impact of sulphate and calcium content on strength and swell characteristics. The research outcomes showed that the introduction of sulphate to a Kaolinite clay soil reduces the compressive strength of the stabilised product by a factor range of 6–47% at 28 days curing age, while the swell behaviour is mainly dependent on both the sulphate content and curing age. Furthermore, the observed result suggests an 8 wt.% binder content to produce maximum magnitude of expansion (swell) with a high Gypsum content of 10% by weight. This finding is of economic importance, as it is expected to serve as a benchmark for further research on the stabilized clay systems, at high sulphate levels using sustainable binder materials.
Blessing Adeleke; John Kinuthia; Jonathan Oti. Strength and Swell Performance of High-Sulphate Kaolinite Clay Soil. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10164 .
AMA StyleBlessing Adeleke, John Kinuthia, Jonathan Oti. Strength and Swell Performance of High-Sulphate Kaolinite Clay Soil. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlessing Adeleke; John Kinuthia; Jonathan Oti. 2020. "Strength and Swell Performance of High-Sulphate Kaolinite Clay Soil." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10164.
Little is known about the performance of unreinforced interlocking block masonry walls made using CINVA-Ram blocks subjected to static compression loads. In a laboratory study, Pozzolanic cement (C), hydrated lime (L) and rice husk ash (RHA) were used to stabilize laterite soil with sandy clay loam texture. The stabilized blocks were used to make three types of walls. The results indicated that block compressive strength, water absorption and durability (1-min abrasion test) were within the recommended levels at the optimum stabilizer percentages. The wall failure modes were characterised by either diagonal cracking of individual blocks or spalling of block debris. The performance of interlocking block walls in load capacity can be divided into three parts: (1) slow closure of gaps, (2) rapid load uptake, and (3) wall failure. This paper has established that interlocking wall compressive strength can be increased while the vertical deflection reduced at the optimum stabiliser content.
Sanewu Isaac Fundi; J.W. Kaluli; John Kinuthia. Performance of interlocking laterite soil block walls under static loading. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 171, 75 -82.
AMA StyleSanewu Isaac Fundi, J.W. Kaluli, John Kinuthia. Performance of interlocking laterite soil block walls under static loading. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 171 ():75-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanewu Isaac Fundi; J.W. Kaluli; John Kinuthia. 2018. "Performance of interlocking laterite soil block walls under static loading." Construction and Building Materials 171, no. : 75-82.
The establishment of sustainability credentials of emergent construction materials is very subjective, and most available tools such as BREEAM, CEQUAL, ARUP SpeAR among others are not fully quipped or equipped at all to deal with individual material systems. The main problem emanates from the challenges of the audit of each aspect of the material processing, and especially the quantification of the relevant transport, energy, environmental and other inputs into the composite product. Incorporation of materials with long and complex recycling processes further exacerbate the challenge. This paper reports on a simplified approach towards full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of seven clay-based brick products developed in UK and in Spain, based on known material data and estimated energy inputs in the manufacturing processes. In order to test the robustness of the proposed approach, results on UK-based bricks are compared with a parallel LCA on clay-based product developed in Spain. Finally, the clay-based products are compared with a typical Portland cement-based concrete block and fired clay brick. In the LCA, boundary conditions include fixed transport, thus attempting to factor only the (i) material ingredients, (ii) their known atmospheric emissions, and (iii) estimated energy inputs during processing. Results suggest that the most challenging aspect in the undertaking of LCA is the availability of reliable input data. Results also show that there are numerous parameters that can reliably and corroboratively facilitate the comparison of performance, besides carbon dioxide emissions.
John Kinuthia; Sara Marcelino; Jonathan Oti; Andres Seco. Problems Encountered in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Recycled Materials in Construction. Proceedings of EECE 2020 2018, 48 -64.
AMA StyleJohn Kinuthia, Sara Marcelino, Jonathan Oti, Andres Seco. Problems Encountered in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Recycled Materials in Construction. Proceedings of EECE 2020. 2018; ():48-64.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn Kinuthia; Sara Marcelino; Jonathan Oti; Andres Seco. 2018. "Problems Encountered in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Recycled Materials in Construction." Proceedings of EECE 2020 , no. : 48-64.
Sara Marcelino-Sádaba; John Kinuthia; Jonathan Oti; Andres Seco Meneses. Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of stabilised clay-based construction materials. Applied Clay Science 2017, 144, 121 -130.
AMA StyleSara Marcelino-Sádaba, John Kinuthia, Jonathan Oti, Andres Seco Meneses. Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of stabilised clay-based construction materials. Applied Clay Science. 2017; 144 ():121-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Marcelino-Sádaba; John Kinuthia; Jonathan Oti; Andres Seco Meneses. 2017. "Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of stabilised clay-based construction materials." Applied Clay Science 144, no. : 121-130.
Rahmat Mohamad Nidzam; Ismail Norsalisma; John Mungai Kinuthia. Strength and environmental evaluation of stabilised Clay-PFA eco-friendly bricks. Construction and Building Materials 2016, 125, 964 -973.
AMA StyleRahmat Mohamad Nidzam, Ismail Norsalisma, John Mungai Kinuthia. Strength and environmental evaluation of stabilised Clay-PFA eco-friendly bricks. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 125 ():964-973.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahmat Mohamad Nidzam; Ismail Norsalisma; John Mungai Kinuthia. 2016. "Strength and environmental evaluation of stabilised Clay-PFA eco-friendly bricks." Construction and Building Materials 125, no. : 964-973.
L.C. Bank; S.J. Christian; J.F. Correal; V.C. Correia; K.I. Crews; L. DiPasquale; R. Dzombak; A. Fabbri; F. Fratini; T.D. Gerhardt; Khosrow Ghavami; J.M. Kinuthia; Kunal; Randolph Langenbach; L.F. Lopez; D. Maskell; K. Mehta; J.C. Morel; L. Rovero; S.F. Santos; H. Savastano; B. Sharma; R. Siddique; S. Suffian; A. Thomson; G.H.D. Tonoli; D. Trujillo; H.C. Uzoegbo; P. Walker; Y. Xiao. List of contributors. Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleL.C. Bank, S.J. Christian, J.F. Correal, V.C. Correia, K.I. Crews, L. DiPasquale, R. Dzombak, A. Fabbri, F. Fratini, T.D. Gerhardt, Khosrow Ghavami, J.M. Kinuthia, Kunal, Randolph Langenbach, L.F. Lopez, D. Maskell, K. Mehta, J.C. Morel, L. Rovero, S.F. Santos, H. Savastano, B. Sharma, R. Siddique, S. Suffian, A. Thomson, G.H.D. Tonoli, D. Trujillo, H.C. Uzoegbo, P. Walker, Y. Xiao. List of contributors. Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.C. Bank; S.J. Christian; J.F. Correal; V.C. Correia; K.I. Crews; L. DiPasquale; R. Dzombak; A. Fabbri; F. Fratini; T.D. Gerhardt; Khosrow Ghavami; J.M. Kinuthia; Kunal; Randolph Langenbach; L.F. Lopez; D. Maskell; K. Mehta; J.C. Morel; L. Rovero; S.F. Santos; H. Savastano; B. Sharma; R. Siddique; S. Suffian; A. Thomson; G.H.D. Tonoli; D. Trujillo; H.C. Uzoegbo; P. Walker; Y. Xiao. 2016. "List of contributors." Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials , no. : 1.
Strictly speaking, the use of clay soil is not nonconventional. It is only nonconventional compared or in competition with the use and application of the more energy-intensive and less environmentally friendly materials such as concrete and steel. The use of clay-based materials has a long and prehistoric background. Their association with mud huts is correct but not sufficient, and there has been serious rethinking and modernizing, such that clay-based materials can now produce aesthetically pleasant construction. Good workmanship can be achieved for both individual and large-scale housing projects using unfired clay materials, in both developed and developing countries. This chapter focuses on the use of these materials, starting from the basics – the structure of clay soils. An appreciation of clay structure and mineralogy is critical to the unlocking of some of the key steps necessary for soils’ optimal performance, more especially on stabilization with either the traditional binders of lime and/or Portland cement and/or any of the emergent sustainable binders that have increasingly become available in the building and construction sectors in the past decade. With this soil science background, the chapter is aimed to capture interest among academicians, researchers, and trainers in the subject. By progressing to application, durability, and future trends with clay-based technology, the chapter also has interest with building and construction practitioners, materials manufacturers, and policy makers in both central and local government authorities. All these parties have a common interest in low-cost housing, care for the environment, and the sustainable development of community infrastructure, such as that unparalleled by the uptake of soil-based appropriate technology.
J.M. Kinuthia. Unfired clay materials and construction. Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials 2016, 251 -272.
AMA StyleJ.M. Kinuthia. Unfired clay materials and construction. Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials. 2016; ():251-272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.M. Kinuthia. 2016. "Unfired clay materials and construction." Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials , no. : 251-272.
J.M. Kinuthia. Sustainability of wastepaper in construction. Sustainability of Construction Materials 2016, 567 -596.
AMA StyleJ.M. Kinuthia. Sustainability of wastepaper in construction. Sustainability of Construction Materials. 2016; ():567-596.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.M. Kinuthia. 2016. "Sustainability of wastepaper in construction." Sustainability of Construction Materials , no. : 567-596.
This paper reports the potential of using cereal ash and bottom ash waste generated from biomass combustion plants for the manufacture of stabilised bricks and sustainable masonry mortar for brick joints and plaster. For the stabilised brick production, the cereal ash waste and bottom ash waste were used as full substitutes for primary clay, while magnesium oxide ash was used as a partial substitute for conventional stabilisers. The blending for the production of the masonry mortar was accomplished by the partial replacement of Portland cement, quicklime or hydraulic lime with large volumes (up to 70%) of cereal ash waste. The properties investigated under this study include material characterisation and compressive strength and durability using freeze–thaw tests. The results obtained suggest that there is potential for the manufacture of sustainable construction materials such as bricks and mortar from cereal ash, bottom ash and magnesium oxide ash waste streams.
Jonathan E. Oti; John M. Kinuthia. Development of stabilised brick and mortar using biomass waste. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 2015, 168, 1 -10.
AMA StyleJonathan E. Oti, John M. Kinuthia. Development of stabilised brick and mortar using biomass waste. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials. 2015; 168 (5):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan E. Oti; John M. Kinuthia. 2015. "Development of stabilised brick and mortar using biomass waste." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 168, no. 5: 1-10.
J.M. Kinuthia. The durability of compressed earth-based masonry blocks. Eco-Efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks 2015, 393 -421.
AMA StyleJ.M. Kinuthia. The durability of compressed earth-based masonry blocks. Eco-Efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks. 2015; ():393-421.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.M. Kinuthia. 2015. "The durability of compressed earth-based masonry blocks." Eco-Efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks , no. : 393-421.
This work reports the potential of using Brick Dust Waste (BDW) as a partial substitute for clay in the development of unfired clay building materials (brick, block and mortar). BDW is a waste material from the cutting of fired clay bricks. There are various reasons necessitating the cutting of bricks — corner bricks, construction of chimneys, and other uses needing bricks of various shapes and sizes. This results in the disposal of BDW as an environmental problem of concern. In order to investigate the clay replacement potential of BDW, four types of mixes were designed at varying BDW replacement levels — 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, an industrial by-product from steel manufacture was activated using quick lime and the mixture was used to stabilise Mercia mudstone clay for unfired clay production. The 56 day compressive results using cylinder test specimens showed a significant strength gain (up to 2.1 N/mm2). Overall, the results suggest that it is possible to develop unfired clay building material using up to 20% BDW as partial substitutes for primary clay.
J.E. Oti; John Kinuthia; R.B. Robinson. The development of unfired clay building material using Brick Dust Waste and Mercia mudstone clay. Applied Clay Science 2014, 102, 148 -154.
AMA StyleJ.E. Oti, John Kinuthia, R.B. Robinson. The development of unfired clay building material using Brick Dust Waste and Mercia mudstone clay. Applied Clay Science. 2014; 102 ():148-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.E. Oti; John Kinuthia; R.B. Robinson. 2014. "The development of unfired clay building material using Brick Dust Waste and Mercia mudstone clay." Applied Clay Science 102, no. : 148-154.
This paper presents the results of an investigation for the application of alumina filler wastes and coal ash waste for unfired brick production. Mechanical test and durability assessment were carried out on unfired brick test specimens made using marl clay soil and alumina filler waste as a target material, and 70% mix of coal ash waste were used as commercials additive (Portland cement and Lime) replacement. The laboratory results demonstrate that the compressive strength resistance of the unfired bricks reduced as the clay replacement level increased. The unfired brick test specimens made with the blended mixtures containing coal ash waste and lime tended to achieve higher strength values when compared with the coal ash waste and Portland cement blends. The unfired brick test specimens were able to withstand the repeated 48-hour freezing/thawing cycles. The results obtained suggest that there is potential to manufacture unfired bricks from alumina filler waste and coal ash waste.
L. Miqueleiz; F. Ramirez; J.E. Oti; Andres Seco; John Kinuthia; I. Oreja; P. Urmeneta. Alumina filler waste as clay replacement material for unfired brick production. Engineering Geology 2013, 163, 68 -74.
AMA StyleL. Miqueleiz, F. Ramirez, J.E. Oti, Andres Seco, John Kinuthia, I. Oreja, P. Urmeneta. Alumina filler waste as clay replacement material for unfired brick production. Engineering Geology. 2013; 163 ():68-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Miqueleiz; F. Ramirez; J.E. Oti; Andres Seco; John Kinuthia; I. Oreja; P. Urmeneta. 2013. "Alumina filler waste as clay replacement material for unfired brick production." Engineering Geology 163, no. : 68-74.
This article provides a comparative analysis of normative and community-to-community-based approaches to resilience building. A narrative rendering of events in Bududa in 2010 is provided through the lens of a community-to-community partnership. The comparison is then achieved through a picture of a normative model for low-impact (cyclical), high-frequency disasters drawn from documentary resources. The narrative element is provided through a case study of the landslides in Bududa, in the Mbale region of Uganda in spring 2010. This event killed over 300 people and led to the temporary displacement of as many as 8000 and the permanent displacement of an undisclosed number. A preliminary evaluation of the Mbale experience is offered, showing the limitations of normative models, describing current resilience-building activities and opening the current discussion within the Mbale Coalition against Poverty to public scrutiny.
David Harrison Jenkins; Anthony Harris; Abdul Abu Tair; Hilary Thomas; Richard Okotel; John Kinuthia; Linus Mofor; Marga Quince. Community-based resilience building: normative meets narrative in Mbale, 2010/2011. Environmental Hazards 2013, 12, 47 -59.
AMA StyleDavid Harrison Jenkins, Anthony Harris, Abdul Abu Tair, Hilary Thomas, Richard Okotel, John Kinuthia, Linus Mofor, Marga Quince. Community-based resilience building: normative meets narrative in Mbale, 2010/2011. Environmental Hazards. 2013; 12 (1):47-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Harrison Jenkins; Anthony Harris; Abdul Abu Tair; Hilary Thomas; Richard Okotel; John Kinuthia; Linus Mofor; Marga Quince. 2013. "Community-based resilience building: normative meets narrative in Mbale, 2010/2011." Environmental Hazards 12, no. 1: 47-59.
One of the major setbacks of road construction in most flood plains is their geological incompetence. They are hardly able to form soils with the right engineering profile for use as foundation soils for road construction. This has undoubtedly made the prospects of improving natural soils an attractive option, coupled with the ever increasing zest of zero waste, reduction in energy usage, reduction in natural resource depletion and lowering carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. To avoid the strain associated with material haulage over long distances—increased costs and carbon foot prints. Soil stabilisation with by-product materials has proved to be a useful cost effective option. This paper hence, presents a detailed investigation of the viability of using waste materials, Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS), gotten from the steel making processes, activated by lime (CaO), in the stabilisation of low bearing capacity clay soils (Lower Oxford Clay). Particularly, where flooding is envisaged to be of utmost concern, as facilities hosted by scenarios of this type are imminent environmental concerns and undermines cost efficiency. This was achieved by the laboratory simulation of flooding scenarios in which 50 mm diameter and 100 mm long cylindrical specimens were exhaustively investigated. The assessment involved soaking samples in water, for 4- and 10-days after different days of moist curing (7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days), durability index test and unconfined compressive test for up to 90 days of these samples were assessed. The results achieved, show that road structural layers/embankments constructed on floodplains could be durable with the application of industrial by-product material (GGBS) activated by lime. This has the implication of combining cost effectiveness with improved quality of the materials formulated, thereby enhancing the environmental friendliness of construction processes on flood plains. This sustainability implication provides the impetus for the current research.
G.N. Obuzor; John Kinuthia; R.B. Robinson. Soil stabilisation with lime-activated-GGBS—A mitigation to flooding effects on road structural layers/embankments constructed on floodplains. Engineering Geology 2012, 151, 112 -119.
AMA StyleG.N. Obuzor, John Kinuthia, R.B. Robinson. Soil stabilisation with lime-activated-GGBS—A mitigation to flooding effects on road structural layers/embankments constructed on floodplains. Engineering Geology. 2012; 151 ():112-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG.N. Obuzor; John Kinuthia; R.B. Robinson. 2012. "Soil stabilisation with lime-activated-GGBS—A mitigation to flooding effects on road structural layers/embankments constructed on floodplains." Engineering Geology 151, no. : 112-119.
This paper reports on designed non-fired clay mixes for sustainability and low carbon use. Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS), an industrial by-product, was used as a partial substitute for conventional stabiliser (Lime or Portland cement) to stabilise Kaolinite Clay (KC) and Lower Oxford Clay (LOC), for sustainable and low carbon non-fired clay building material production. Although GGBS has been used extensively in concretes to reduce the carbon footprint, there is an unexplored potential for its use as a cement replacement for stabilised soil production. The benefits of using GGBS in non-fired clay building material development include lower emissions of greenhouse gases and improved durability. The parameters considered under this study are: (1) material characterisation, (2) unconfined compressive and (3) durability. For the assessment of durability, a MX 2000VJ Tech multi-channel data logger equipped with a digital displacement transducer and computer device was employed to monitor the linear expansion behaviour of the stabilised test specimens. The 90-day unconfined compressive results for the test specimens showed that there is significant strength gain (up to 5 N/mm2) for all the stabilised mixtures. The lime-activated GGBS stabiliser has significantly higher influence in the strength gain compared to the equivalent PC-based system. These results suggest that there is potential in using Lime or Portland cement activated GGBS blend for the stabilisation of natural clay soil for sustainable and low carbon building materials production.
J.M. Kinuthia; J.E. Oti. Designed non-fired clay mixes for sustainable and low carbon use. Applied Clay Science 2012, 59-60, 131 -139.
AMA StyleJ.M. Kinuthia, J.E. Oti. Designed non-fired clay mixes for sustainable and low carbon use. Applied Clay Science. 2012; 59-60 ():131-139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.M. Kinuthia; J.E. Oti. 2012. "Designed non-fired clay mixes for sustainable and low carbon use." Applied Clay Science 59-60, no. : 131-139.
Currently there is a growing pressure on energy efficiency for new buildings in the UK and worldwide. This has arisen partly due to the increasing awareness of the public for sustainable building construction. In addition, there is pressure on building materials manufacturers, due to new government regulations and legislations that are targeting energy usage and carbon dioxide emissions in new buildings. This paper reports on unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use. Lime or Portland cement was used as an activator to an industrial by-product (Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag) to stabilise Lower Oxford Clay for unfired clay brick production. Portland cement was used in the formulation of the unfired clay brick test specimens predominantly as a control. Industrial scale brick specimens were produced during two separate industrial trials. The first trial was at Hanson Brick Company Ltd, Bedfordshire, UK, while the second was carried out at PD Edenhall Ltd, Bridgend, South Wales, UK. From the environmental and sustainability analysis results, the unfired clay material has shown energy-efficiency and suggests a formidable economical alternative to the firing of clay building components. This study is one of the earliest attempts to compare fired and unfired clay technologies, and also to combine energy use and CO2 emission for the evaluation of unfired clay bricks relative to those bricks used in mainstream construction. This is an attempt to come up with one parameter rating. The overall results suggest that the spinoff from this technology is an invaluable resource for civil engineers and other built environment professionals who need quick access to up-to-date and accurate information about the qualities of various building and construction materials.
J.E. Oti; John Kinuthia. Stabilised unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use. Applied Clay Science 2012, 58, 52 -59.
AMA StyleJ.E. Oti, John Kinuthia. Stabilised unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use. Applied Clay Science. 2012; 58 ():52-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.E. Oti; John Kinuthia. 2012. "Stabilised unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use." Applied Clay Science 58, no. : 52-59.
L. Miqueleiz; F. Ramírez; Andres Seco; R.M. Nidzam; John Kinuthia; A. Abu Tair; R. Garcia. The use of stabilised Spanish clay soil for sustainable construction materials. Engineering Geology 2012, 133-134, 9 -15.
AMA StyleL. Miqueleiz, F. Ramírez, Andres Seco, R.M. Nidzam, John Kinuthia, A. Abu Tair, R. Garcia. The use of stabilised Spanish clay soil for sustainable construction materials. Engineering Geology. 2012; 133-134 ():9-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Miqueleiz; F. Ramírez; Andres Seco; R.M. Nidzam; John Kinuthia; A. Abu Tair; R. Garcia. 2012. "The use of stabilised Spanish clay soil for sustainable construction materials." Engineering Geology 133-134, no. : 9-15.