Aloe vera is reputed to have medicinal properties. For centuries, it has been used for an array of ailments such as mild fever, wounds and burns, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, sexual vitality and fertility problems to cancer, immune modulation, AIDS and various skin infections. In present study, antibacterial activity of aloe vera gel extracts was tested against some common skin infection pathogens, that is, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus all were recorded positive. Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of above isolates were also studied against 10 clinically significant antibiotics (ampicillin [AMC], amoxicillin, augmentin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime [CAZ], cefuroxime [CXM], ciprofloxaci, tetracycline, cefpodoxime and imipenem). AMC and CXM were found to be most effective antibiotic followed by CXM with highest efficacy against Gram‐negative bacteria. In case of CAZ showed highest efficacy was showed against Gram‐positive bacteria. Aloe vera leave gel was extracted with four different solvent‐like aloe vera leaf extract, root extract, leaf ethanol extract and root ethanol extract; however, Gram‐negative as well Gram‐positive isolates was found highest susceptibility with aloe leaf and aloe root ethanol extract. Moderate sensitivity observed with aloe leaf extract and aloe root extract against both Gram‐positive as well as Gram‐negative bacterial isolates. This result showed that ethanol extracts of aloe vera both leaf and root can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of infections that are so prevalent in the skin infection.

Multidrug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is imperilling the worth of antibiotic infection, which has become an emerging problem, which previously transformed the veterinary sciences. Since its discovery, many antibiotics have been effective in treating bacterial infections in animals. Escherichia coli, a bacterium, is one of the reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes in a community. The current use of antibiotics and demographic factors usually increase multidrug resistance. Genetically, the continuous adoption of environmental changes by E. coli allows it to acquire many multidrug resistance. During the host's life, antimicrobial resistance rarely poses a threat to the E. coli strain and pressure, similar to that of a flexible animal lower intestine. In this review, we describe the E. coli antibiotic drug–resistance mechanism driving transmission, the causes of transmission and the harmful effects on animal health.

Pathogens are always a threat to the livestock and domestic animals due to their exposure to the contaminated environments. The study was conducted to evaluation of the prevalence of Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and S. aureus, in farm animals (cattle and buffalos). A total of 150 (n=150) samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes, 60 samples from cows and buffalos teats milk, 30 of water samples, and 60 of fecal samples isolates from dairy farm animals, which may act as reservoir disseminating such pathogens. Farm hygiene, management, and milking procedure were listed through a questionnaire. The most common pathogens detected in this study was E. coli 88 (58) and S. aureus 81 (54), followed by Salmonella spp. 32 (21), and Shigella spp. 44 (29), respectively. During the antibiogram studies, the results revealed that the highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance against ampicillin 50 (56.8), followed by ciprofloxacin 23 (26.1) and augmentin 22 (25) of Escherichia coli and ampicillin 49 (60.4), cefpodoxime 23 (28.3), and augmentin 20 (24.6) of S. aureus. In the case of Salmonella spp., the highest resistance was showed by amoxicillin 16 (50). In Shigella spp., the highest resistance was shown by ampicillin 16 (36.3), followed by cefpodoxime and ceftazidime 10 (22.7). The high frequency of isolates in this investigation with multiple antibiotic resistance ranges from 15. MARI value of S. aureus and E. coli 15 (12.5), followed by Salmonella and Shigella spp. ranges from 12 (10), suggesting the presence of various antibiotic-resistant bacteria as well as highly resistant bacteria. The mean±SD zone areas for the greater resistance are for E. coli and S. aureus, already known to be multiresistant, followed by Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., when the zone areas are for the low resistance, and the findings determined that there was a little difference between S. aureus and E. coli.

Background: The demanding requirements of nursing education impose great stress on students, which can adversely affect their health and well‐being in terms of academic and clinical performance. Aims: This study aimed to determine the level of stress and the main causes of stress among medical and nursing students. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted with medical and nursing students in Pakistan via a convenience sampling method. Sources of stress‐associated factors were assessed using online questionnaire. The data were collected between July 1 and August 31, 2024. A total of 302 medical and nursing students participated in the research. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean) and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Results: According to the findings, medical and nursing students experience stress from multiple sources, with financial difficulties, academic workload, clinical practice, and environmental factors being the primary contributors. The most common stressors were insufficient income, pressure from clinical instructors and staff, and unfamiliarity with patient diagnoses and treatments. Multifactor logistic regression analysis revealed that stress from assignments and workload was significantly associated with fear of poor grades ( p = 0.046), while clinical practice quality also showed a significant effect ( p = 0.029). Additionally, dealing with patients with physio‐psychosocial issues ( p = 0.039) and unfamiliarity with clinical conditions ( p = 0.012) were significant predictors of stress. These findings highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of student stress. Conclusion: This study revealed that medical and nursing students experience significant levels of stress related to finances, clinical practice, and academics, which affects their performance. Medical and Nursing Implications: Educational administrators must establish policies that assist medical and nursing students. Some of these policies could include evaluating the workload of Medical and nursing students, refining curriculum design, providing financial support, and providing scholarships to students facing challenging circumstances.