This paper describes the development of a novel, time-adaptive, loosely coupled analysis strategy for efficiently predicting the conjugate heat transfer problems in hypersonic flows. Considering many orders of magnitude disparity of physical characteristic time scales between hypersonic flow behavior and structural heat transfer, a loosely coupled strategy is first developed to efficiently couple an aerodynamic flow computational fluid dynamics solver with a structural heat transfer finite element method solver. Then, an adaptive coupling time stepsize approach based on a control theory point of view is proposed and embedded into this strategy for further efficiency. Finally, the performance of the proposed time-adaptive, loosely coupled analysis strategy is evaluated by performing conjugate heat transfer simulations over a cylindrical leading-edge model. The computational results are presented and analyzed, indicating that this strategy can offer the potential for significant improvements in predicting t...

Sepsis is a syndrome characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to an infection. Sepsis, especially septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction is a medical emergency associated with high morbidity, high mortality, and prolonged after-effects. Over the past 20 years, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been a key topic of focus in all stages of sepsis research. Tregs play a controversial role in sepsis based on their heterogeneous characteristics, complex organ/tissue-specific patterns in the host, the multi-dimensional heterogeneous syndrome of sepsis, the different types of pathogenic microbiology, and even different types of laboratory research models and clinical research methods. In the context of sepsis, Tregs may be considered both angels and demons. We propose that the symptoms and signs of sepsis can be attenuated by regulating Tregs. This review summarizes the controversial roles and Treg checkpoints in sepsis.