The medium- and heavy-duty (MD/HD) vehicle sector is a large emitter of greenhouse gases. It will require drastic emissions reductions to realize a net-zero carbon future. This study conducts fourteen short feasibility investigations in the Canadian context to evaluate the merits of battery electric or hydrogen fuel cell alternatives to conventional city buses, inter-city buses, school buses, courier vehicles (step vans), refuse trucks, long-haul trucks and construction vehicles. These “clean transportation alternatives” were evaluated for practicality, economics, and emission reductions in comparison to their conventional counterparts. Conclusions were drawn on which use cases would be best suited for accelerating the transformation of the MD/HD sector.

Many research works have focused on solving facility location problems to optimize the distribution of direct current fast charging (DCFC) stations along highways. However, before such optimization studies can be done, a reasonable estimate is needed of the required number of DCFCs for these highways. Unfortunately, many highways lack the detailed traffic count data required to make these estimates. This study developed a methodology for forecasting the need for DCFC stations along highways using only classic traffic count information such as annual average daily traffic (AADT), which is one of the most readily available types of data in many countries, including Canada. This method was developed using data from highway sections with more detailed traffic count information. Detailed historical traffic data of different highway sections first are analyzed thoroughly and categorized into groups of traffic flow patterns that then can be employed to predict traffic flow for other locations where only less-detailed data, such as the AADT, are available. The methodology describes a way to estimate the peak traffic flow and the long-distance traffic fraction on the highway, so that the equation developed to predict the number of long distance–traveling electric vehicles (EVs) is complete and solvable. The methodology was applied in two case studies for different highway sections in Ontario, and the need for DCFCs under various scenarios of the EV adoption rate was presented. The case studies showed that the methodology developed in this study can be used successfully to guide the planning of EV fast charging infrastructure along highways using only conventional traffic data.