The last two decades have seen a clear trend toward crafting intelligent vehicles based on the significant advances in communication and computing paradigms, which provide a safer, stress-free, and more enjoyable driving experience. Moreover, emerging applications and services necessitate massive volumes of data, real-time data processing, and ultrareliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). However, the computing capability of current intelligent vehicles is minimal, making it challenging to meet the delay-sensitive and computation-intensive demand of such applications. In this situation, vehicular task/computation offloading toward the edge cloud (EC) and vehicular cloudlet (VC) seems to be a promising solution to improve the network’s performance and applications’ Quality of Service (QoS). At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) has dramatically changed people’s lives. Especially for vehicular task offloading applications, AI achieves state-of-the-art performance in various vehicular environments. Motivated by the outstanding performance of integrating reinforcement learning (RL)/deep RL (DRL) to the vehicular task offloading systems, we present a survey on various RL/DRL techniques applied to vehicular task offloading. Precisely, we classify the vehicular task offloading works into two main categories: 1) RL/ DRL solutions leveraging EC and 2) RL/DRL solutions using VC computing. Moreover, the EC section-based RL/DRL solutions are further subcategorized into multiaccess edge computing (MEC) server, nearby vehicles, and hybrid MEC (HMEC). To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to cover RL/DRL-based vehicular task offloading. Also, we provide lessons learned and open research challenges in this field and discuss the possible trend for future research.

A dual-band transmitarray is proposed for downlink/uplink frequencies (12.5/14.25 GHz) of Ku band satellite communications. The basic building block for the dual-band transmitarray is a 3-dipole element. Such two elements are interlaced in orthogonal polarization for each frequency band independently. This element overwhelms the basic phase restriction of a simple dipole element and 360 degree phase range can be achieved in both bands with a 4-layer configuration. However, it is explored (theoretically and experimentally) that 3-layers are preferred to be used instead of 4-layers due to a compromise between the phase range and reflection loss. A high-gain 3-layer dual-band orthogonally-polarized transmitarray is designed successfully. The measured results match well with simulation results, and high gains of 31.0 dBi and 31.8 dBi are achieved with aperture efficiencies of 45.0% and 41.3% at 12.5 GHz and 14.25 GHz, respectively. It also achieves 1-dB gain bandwidths of 7.2% and 7.0% in both the downlink and uplink frequency bands respectively.

A high gain dual-band and dual-polarized transmitarray has been designed, fabricated, and measured for Ku-band (12.5/14.25 GHz) satellite communications. The transmitarray unit cell is a combination of two novel loop elements, which are interlaced to form a unit cell for dual-band operation. The transmission response of both interlaced loop elements is almost independent at both frequencies. The three-layer dual-band element achieves 300° phase range in both the frequency bands with less than 2 dB insertion loss. A dual-band transmitarray has been designed by using array theory in each frequency band independently. The measured radiation characteristics of the transmitarray are obtained through a planar nearfield measurement setup. The dual-band transmitarray has achieved measured peak gains of 30.2 dBi and 32.3 dBi with aperture efficiencies of 38% and 46% in downlink and uplink frequency bands respectively.

In this paper a wideband transmitting metasurface is proposed to generate the orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beam in the Ka-band. The proposed unit cell is a novel combination of dual-square loops and a cross dipole element printed on four dielectric layers separated by an airgap. This combination of two types of elements helps to attain a linear transmission phase response with more than a 360 $^{\circ }$ phase compensation range with a transmission magnitude equal to or better than 1.1 dB. The proposed structure of the unit cell is also suitable for dual polarized applications due to its symmetrical configuration. The proposed metasurface is also fabricated and measured to verify its simulated performance. The overall measured outcome shows that the proposed structure has successfully achieved wideband performance for the OAM vortex beam with +1 mode. The overall mode purity is greater than 72% from 28.0 to 38.0 GHz, which is about 33.3% OAM bandwidth. Moreover, the peak gain of 23.8 dBi is achieved with 22.1% aperture efficiency.

The requirement of mounting several access points and base stations is increasing tremendously due to recent advancements and the need for high-data-rate communication services of 5G and 6G wireless communication systems. In the near future, the enormous number of these access points might cause a mess. In such cases, an optically transparent antenna (OTA) is the best option for making the environment more appealing and pleasant. OTAs provide the possible solution as these maintain the device aesthetics to achieve transparency as well as fulfill the basic coverage and bandwidth requirements. Various attempts have been made to design OTAs to provide coverage for wireless communication, particularly for the dead zones. These antennas can be installed on building windows, car windscreens, towers, trees, and smart windows, which enables network access for vehicles and people passing by those locations. Several transparent materials and techniques are used for transparent antenna design. Thin-film and mesh-grid techniques are very popular to transform metallic parts of the antenna into a transparent material. In this article, a comprehensive review of both the techniques used for the design of OTAs is presented. The performance comparison of OTAs on the basis of bandwidth, gain, transparency, transmittance, and efficiency is also presented. An OTA is the best choice in these situations to improve the aesthetics and comfort of the surroundings with high antenna performance.