The sulfatase family involves a group of enzymes with a large degree of similarity. Until now, sixteen human sulfatases have been identified, most of them found in lysosomes. Human deficiency of sulfatases generates various genetic disorders characterized by abnormal accumulation of sulfated intermediate compounds. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is characterized by the deficiency of iduronate 2-sulfate sulfatase (IDS), causing the lysosomal accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfates. Currently, there are several cases of genetic diseases treated with enzyme replacement therapy, which have generated a great interest in the development of systems for recombinant protein expression. In this work we expressed the human recombinant IDS-Like enzyme (hrIDS-Like) in Escherichia coli DH5α. The enzyme concentration revealed by ELISA varied from 78.13 to 94.35 ng/ml and the specific activity varied from 34.20 to 25.97 nmol/h/mg. Western blotting done after affinity chromatography purification showed a single band of approximately 40 kDa, which was recognized by an IgY polyclonal antibody that was developed against the specific peptide of the native protein. Our 100 ml-shake-flask assays allowed us to improve the enzyme activity seven fold, compared to the E. coli JM109/pUC13-hrIDS-Like system. Additionally, the results obtained in the present study were equal to those obtained with the Pichia pastoris GS1115/pPIC-9-hrIDS-Like system (3 L bioreactor scale). The system used in this work (E. coli DH5α/pGEX-3X-hrIDS-Like) emerges as a strategy for improving protein expression and purification, aimed at recombinant protein chemical characterization, future laboratory assays for enzyme replacement therapy, and as new evidence of active putative sulfatase production in E. coli.

The aim of this study was to identify organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides levels in water samples collected in secondary water bodies in agricultural area planted with coffee and plantain. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. A validated method for microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with electron microcapture detector (MAE-GC-μECD) was used to analyze pesticide residues in samples. The determinations were based on certified reference material, Organochlorine Pesticide Mix AB #3, Canadian Drinking Organophosphorus Pesticides Mix, and pentachloronitrobenzene (ISTD) Internal Standard Mix 508.1. Pesticide residues were found in 81.3% of the samples, including OCs: 4.4′-DDT (38%), endosulfan II (19.7%), endosulfan sulfate, and endrin (11.7% and 8.8%), and others identified as 4.4′-DDE, Delta-HCB, parathion, chlorpyrifos, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin ketone, and methoxychlor. Parathion and/or chlorpyrifos were found in 5.8–8% of samples; the water bodies most heavily affected were those in Filandia and Quimbaya in which 100% of samples were contaminated, followed by those in Calarcá, Córdoba, Pijao, and Génova, with contamination found in over 75% of samples. The results indicated that surface waters from Quindío municipalities are contaminated with pesticide residues hazardous to human health, which are still in use despite being either restricted or prohibited.

Determining the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its interrelationship with peroxidase antibodies and high urinary iodine levels as a means for devising a set of recommendations for health authorities regarding the consumption of iodised salt and the early detection of thyroid disease. 437 people in the municipality of Armenia (Quindío) participated in the study. ELISA tests were performed for free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibodies; a photocolorimetric analysis was carried out to determine urinary iodine levels. Hypothyroidism prevalence was 18.5%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies were positive in 28.9% of the study population, with significantly higher prevalence amongst those with levels > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone compared to 5.1 to 10 mIU/mL in those without it (OR 3.2) and smokers (O.R 3,4). Free thyroxine was normal in 98.2% of participants (> 5 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels) and 92% in those in whom > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were found. The average iodine level was 565.1; levels above 300 µg/L were obtained in 81.8% of the participants. Increased positive thyroid peroxidase antibody prevalence with increasing thyroid-stimulating hormone values could demonstrate a high risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism in Armenia; despite high iodine levels, a relationship with thyroid peroxidase antibodies or thyroid-stimulating hormone levels could not be established.

FUNDAMENTO: A enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA), principal enzima do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), desempenha um papel importante na regulação da pressão arterial. A atividade enzimática da ECA e sua relação com a pressão arterial (PA) durante a infância e a adolescência ainda não foram claramente estabelecidas. OBJETIVO: Determinar as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo nos níveis séricos da ECA e nas alterações da PA, bem como a relação entre ECA e PA, em estudantes entre 8 e 18 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Os valores de pressão arterial, peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e níveis séricos da ECA foram medidos em 501 crianças. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios da ECA foram mais elevados em meninos (143,7 ± 57,1) do que em meninas (130,2 ± 54,9) (p = 0,004). Enquanto nas meninas os níveis séricos da ECA diminuíram com a idade, nos meninos ocorria o inverso. Após o início da puberdade, os níveis da ECA eram mais elevados em meninas do que em meninos da mesma idade. Nos dois sexos, a idade foi um forte determinante da pressão arterial (PA). Constatamos a existência de uma relação entre a ECA e a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) nas meninas (PAS: r = -0,20; p < 0,001; PAD: r = 0,12; p < 0,03). O índice de massa corporal (IMC) apresentou uma correlação maior com a PAS e a PAD nas meninas (r = 0,37 e 0,31 respectivamente; p < 0,001) do que nos meninos ( r = 0,26 e 0,25 respectivamente; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados indicam que houve diferenças na atividade da ECA entre os meninos e meninas deste estudo. Nas meninas, os níveis séricos da ECA eram mais baixos e diminuíram com a idade, enquanto a PA aumentou. Como ocorre um dimorfismo sexual na PA durante a puberdade, nossos achados indicam que os hormônios gonadais podem afetar a atividade da ECA e a PA. Esses resultados podem ter importantes implicações terapêuticas.

To determine the occurrence of association between homocysteine, folate, or vitamin B12 plasma levels and acute coronary syndrome in Colombian patients. Case control study: cases were 50 patients with acute coronary syndrome and controls were 50 outpatients without coronary syndrome. Homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels were determined by means of chemiluminescence immunoassay. Cholesterol and lipoproteins, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, hemoglobin and hematocrit were also measured. Mean homocysteine plasma concentrations were significantly different between cases (12.4 micromol/l +/- 6.0) and controls (9.7 micromol/l +/- 2.4), p=0.01. The folic acid levels of the cases were lower than those of the control patients (10.5 ng/ml +/- 3.5 vs 12.6 ng/ml +/- 3.6, respectively, p=0.01). An inverse relationship was found between folate and homocysteine levels. No relationship was observed between vitamin B12 levels and homocysteine levels. There was a significant difference in triglyceride levels between case and control groups (136.91 +/- 67.27 vs 174.3 +/- 77.6, respectively, p=0.01). The odds ratio for hyperhomocysteinemia in acute coronary syndrome was 4.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.5 - 13.3). The present study found a significant association between homocysteine levels and acute coronary syndrome in Colombian patients, similarly to the European and North American populations. There was a negative correlation between homocysteine plasma levels and folate levels. No association between plasmatic levels of homocysteine and those of vitamin B12 was observed.