Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems hold promise for cancer treatment by enhancing the solubility and stability of anti-tumor drugs. Nonetheless, the challenges of inadequate targeting and limited biocompatibility persist. In recent years, cell membrane nano-biomimetic drug delivery systems have emerged as a focal point of research and development, due to their exceptional traits, including precise targeting, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. This review outlines the categorization and advantages of cell membrane bionic nano-delivery systems, provides an introduction to preparation methods, and assesses their applications in cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy. Notably, the review delves into the challenges in the application of various cell membrane bionic nano-delivery systems and identifies opportunities for future advancement. Embracing cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticles presents a novel and unparalleled avenue for personalized tumor therapy.

Background: The active-targeted drug delivery systems had attracted more and more attention to efficiently overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer treatments. The aim of the work was to develop a multifunctional nano-structured liposomal system for co-delivery of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and celecoxib (CEL) to overcome doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer. Methods: A functional hybrid peptide (MTS-R₈H₃) with unique cellular penetrability, endo-lysosomal escape and mitochondrial targeting ability was successfully synthesized using solid phase synthesis technology. The peptide modified targeted liposomes (DOX/CEL-MTS-R₈H₃ lipo) for co-delivery of DOX and CEL were formulated to overcome the chemoresistance in MCF/ADR cells. Results: DOX/CEL-MTS-R₈H₃ lipo showed nanosized shape and displayed high stability for one month. The cytotoxicity effect of the co-delivery of DOX and CEL through peptide modified liposomes had remarkable treatment efficacy on killing MCF/ADR cells. Targeted liposome exhibited greater cellular entry ability about 5.72-fold stronger than DOX solution. Moreover, as compared with unmodified liposomes, the presence of MTS-R₈H₃ peptide entity on liposome surface enhanced the mitochondrial-targeting ability and achieved effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with significant inhibition of P-gp efflux activity. Conclusion: The study suggested that the DOX/CEL-MTS-R₈H₃ lipo is a promising strategy for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer treatments with high targeting inhibition efficiency.

Exosomes, spherical lipid-bilayered particles secreted by cells, have recently emerged as a novel and highly promising drug delivery system, attracting extensive attention in the field of biomedical research. Dendritic-cell-derived exosomes (DC-Exos) possess surface protein and ligands characteristic of DC cells, such as functional MHC-I and MHC-II, CD80, CD86. These components play a crucial role in immune responses, facilitating antigen uptake, presentation, and the activation of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. These properties make them striking and excellent drug delivery vehicles for use in various immune diseases and cancer therapy. This review summarizes and discusses the characteristics, current methods and types of drug loading of DC-Exos. Its surface modifications and application in disease treatment were also discussed, aiming to motivate the development of exosome-based theranostic nanoplatforms and nanotechnology for improved healthcare treatments.

Melanoma results in the formation of malignant tumors and is the deadliest form of skin cancer with high mortality rate. Immunotherapy for melanoma has made great breakthroughs in recent decades. However, low patient response rates and side effects due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (iTME) and tumor heterogeneity limit the clinical application of melanoma immunotherapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits characteristics such as weak acidity, hypoxia, and aberrantly expressed proteases. By exploiting these features, researchers have developed stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) to enhance antitumor immune responses in melanoma patients. This review aims to clarify how stimuli-responsive DDSs enhance melanoma immunotherapy and guide their use as therapeutic agents. We summarize the categorization and design of these DDSs, analyze their immune-enhancing pathways, and discuss current challenges and future prospects in the field.

Biomolecules play pivotal roles in cellular signaling, metabolic regulation and the maintenance of physiological homeostasis in the human body, and their dysregulation is closely associated with the onset and progression of various human diseases. Consequently, the development of highly sensitive, selective, and stable detection platforms for these molecules is of significant value for drug discovery, pharmaceutical quality control, pharmacodynamic studies, and personalized medicine. In recent years, electrochemical biosensors, particularly those integrated with functional nanomaterials and biorecognition elements, have emerged as powerful analytical platforms in pharmaceutics and biomedical analysis, owing to their high sensitivity, exquisite selectivity, rapid response, simple operation, low cost and suitability for real-time or in situ monitoring in complex biological systems. This review summarizes recent progress in the electrochemical detection of representative biomolecules, including dopamine, glucose, uric acid, hydrogen peroxide, lactate, glutathione and cholesterol. By systematically summarizing and analyzing existing sensing strategies and nanomaterial-based sensor designs, this review aims to provide new insights for the interdisciplinary integration of pharmaceutics, nanomedicine, and electrochemical biosensing, and to promote the translational application of these sensing technologies in drug analysis, quality assessment, and clinical diagnostics.