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Roger G. Eston
Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

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Research article
Published: 24 January 2021 in European Journal of Sport Science
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The aim of this study was to analyse age-related performance progression and peak-performance age (PPA) in elite track and field athletes and to use a model to predict peak performance. Best performances of world-class athletes from ages 14-15 y up to and including the last Olympic year (n=798), all-time top lists (n= 444), and world record-holders (n=43) were considered in all 22 disciplines for men and 21 disciplines for women. A discipline/sex-specified model was used by applying dynamic panel data methods to analyze the performance trends. Profile analysis showed that PPA of all-time top list throwers was higher than middle-distance runners (P<0.001), distance runners (P<0.05), and jumpers (P<0.05) in men and higher (P<0.05) than middle-distance runners in women. Olympic year top list athletes showed that PPA of women throwers was higher than sprinters (P<0.001) and middle-distance runners (P<0.05), and PPA of women distance runners was higher (P<0.05) than sprinters. In both all-time (P<0.05) and Olympic year (P<0.05) top lists, the PPA of men race walkers was higher than middle-distance runners. Performance over the preceding 1-2 years (in all disciplines), height (in Long Jump Men; Long Jump Women; Triple Jump Men) and weight (in Discus Throwing Men) indices, respectively, are important (P<0.05) for predicting future records with different coefficients in different disciplines. The models provide a useful tool for coaches to predict peak performance records and PPA of their athletes which may be of benefit with goal-setting and evaluation of performance progression at different ages in track and field athletics. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

ACS Style

Ali Gorzi; Mina Khantan; Omid Khademnoe; Roger Eston. Prediction of elite athletes’ performance by analysis of peak-performance age and age-related performance progression. European Journal of Sport Science 2021, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Ali Gorzi, Mina Khantan, Omid Khademnoe, Roger Eston. Prediction of elite athletes’ performance by analysis of peak-performance age and age-related performance progression. European Journal of Sport Science. 2021; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Gorzi; Mina Khantan; Omid Khademnoe; Roger Eston. 2021. "Prediction of elite athletes’ performance by analysis of peak-performance age and age-related performance progression." European Journal of Sport Science , no. : 1-14.

Review article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Sports Medicine
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In adults, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) can be used to predict maximal oxygen uptake, estimate time to exhaustion, assess internal training load and regulate exercise intensity. However, the utility of RPE in children is less researched and therefore, warrants investigation. The purpose of this scoping review is to map out the literature around the application of RPE specifically during aerobic exercise in paediatric populations. Seven bibliographic databases were systematically searched. Grey literature searching and pearling of references were also conducted. To be included for the review, studies were required to comply with the following: (1) participants aged ≤ 18 years asymptomatic of any injuries, disabilities or illnesses; (2) applied RPE in aerobic exercise, testing and/or training; (3) included at least one measure of exercise intensity; and (4) be available in English. The search identified 22 eligible studies that examined the application of RPE in children. These studies involved a total of 718 participants across ten different countries. Nine different types of RPE scales were employed. Overall, the application of RPE in paediatric populations can be classified into three distinct themes: prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness/performance, monitoring internal training loads, and regulation of exercise intensity. The utility of RPE in paediatric populations remains unclear due to the small body of available research and inconsistencies between studies. However, findings from the included studies in this scoping review may show promise. Further research focussing on child-specific RPE scales across various sports, subgroups, and in field-based settings is needed.

ACS Style

Daiki Kasai; Gaynor Parfitt; Brett Tarca; Roger Eston; Margarita D. Tsiros. The Use of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Sports Medicine 2020, 51, 33 -50.

AMA Style

Daiki Kasai, Gaynor Parfitt, Brett Tarca, Roger Eston, Margarita D. Tsiros. The Use of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Sports Medicine. 2020; 51 (1):33-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daiki Kasai; Gaynor Parfitt; Brett Tarca; Roger Eston; Margarita D. Tsiros. 2020. "The Use of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review." Sports Medicine 51, no. 1: 33-50.

Comparative study
Published: 01 May 2019 in International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
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Purpose: To compare the sensitivity of a submaximal run test (SRT) with a countermovement-jump test (CMJ) to provide an alternative method of measuring neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) in high-performance sport. Methods: A total of 23 professional and semiprofessional Australian rules football players performed an SRT and CMJ test prematch and 48 and 96 h postmatch. Variables from accelerometers recorded during the SRT were player load 1D up (vertical vector), player load 1D side (mediolateral vector), and player load 1D forward (anteroposterior vector). Meaningful difference was examined through magnitude-based inferences (effect size [ES]), with reliability assessed as typical error of measurements expressed as coefficient of variance. Results: A small decrease in CMJ height, ES −0.43 ± 0.39 (likely), was observed 48 h postmatch before returning to baseline 96 h postmatch. This was accompanied by corresponding moderate decreases in the SRT variables player load 1D up, ES −0.60 ± 0.51 (likely), and player load 1D side, ES −0.74 ± 0.57 (likely), 48 h postmatch before also returning to prematch baseline. Conclusion: The results suggest that in the presence of NMF, players use an alternative running profile to produce the same external output (ie, time). This indicates that changes in accelerometer variables during an SRT can be used as an alternative method of measuring NMF in high-performance Australian rules football and provides a flexible option for monitoring changes in the recovery phase postmatch.

ACS Style

Joel Garrett; Stuart R. Graham; Roger G. Eston; Darren J. Burgess; Lachlan J. Garrett; John Jakeman; Kevin Norton. A Novel Method of Assessment for Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Australian Rules Football Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2019, 14, 598 -605.

AMA Style

Joel Garrett, Stuart R. Graham, Roger G. Eston, Darren J. Burgess, Lachlan J. Garrett, John Jakeman, Kevin Norton. A Novel Method of Assessment for Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Australian Rules Football Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2019; 14 (5):598-605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joel Garrett; Stuart R. Graham; Roger G. Eston; Darren J. Burgess; Lachlan J. Garrett; John Jakeman; Kevin Norton. 2019. "A Novel Method of Assessment for Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Australian Rules Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 5: 598-605.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 April 2019 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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Purpose This study investigated the effect of β-blockade on physiological and perceived exertion (RPE) responses during incremental treadmill exercise. Methods Sixteen healthy participants (n=8 men; age 25.3±4.6 y) performed a maximal treadmill exercise test following ingestion of 100 mg Metoprolol or placebo, with a double-blind, randomised and counter-balanced design. Heart rate (HR), ventilatory and gas exchange variables were measured continuously, and participants reported RPE at the end of each minute. Physiological and RPE responses during each condition were compared at the ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and at maximal exercise using repeated measures ANOVA. Linear regression modelled relationships between perceived exertion and physiological variables. Results The HR and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 at the VT, RCP and maximal exercise were all significantly lower following β-blockade (p<.05). However, when standardised to within condition peak values, differences were no longer significant. The RPE associated with VT was higher following β-blockade (12.9±1.0 vs 12.3±1.2, p<.05), but lower at maximal exercise (19.1±0.6 vs. 19.4±0.5, p<.05). Increases in RPE relative to HR were greater following β-blockade and remained significant when expressed relative to peak HR. There was no difference in the growth of the relationship between RPE and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 across conditions, though the origin of the relationship was higher with β-blockade. Conclusions Although β-blockade resulted in a significant reduction in exercising HR and V[Combining Dot Above]O2, the RPE for a given relative intensity remained unchanged. The relationship between RPE and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was not affected by β-blockade. The results provide evidence that RPE is a useful and reliable measure for exercise testing and prescription in patients prescribed β-blockade therapy.

ACS Style

Braden L. Mitchell; Kade Davison; Gaynor Parfitt; Simon Spedding; Roger G. Eston. Physiological and Perceived Exertion Responses during Exercise: Effect of β-blockade. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2019, 51, 782 -791.

AMA Style

Braden L. Mitchell, Kade Davison, Gaynor Parfitt, Simon Spedding, Roger G. Eston. Physiological and Perceived Exertion Responses during Exercise: Effect of β-blockade. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51 (4):782-791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Braden L. Mitchell; Kade Davison; Gaynor Parfitt; Simon Spedding; Roger G. Eston. 2019. "Physiological and Perceived Exertion Responses during Exercise: Effect of β-blockade." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, no. 4: 782-791.

Comparative study
Published: 16 October 2018 in Journal of Sports Sciences
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This study compares test-retest reliability and peak exercise responses from ramp-incremented (RAMP) and maximal perceptually-regulated (PRETmax) exercise tests during arm crank exercise in individuals reliant on manual wheelchair propulsion (MWP). Ten untrained participants completed four trials over 2-weeks (two RAMP (0–40 W + 5–10 W · min−1) trials and two PRETmax. PRETmax consisted of five, 2-min stages performed at Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20). Participants freely changed the power output to match the required RPE. Gas exchange variables, heart rate, power output, RPE and affect were determined throughout trials. The V̇O2peak from RAMP (14.8 ± 5.5 ml · kg−1 · min−1) and PRETmax (13.9 ± 5.2 ml · kg−1 · min−1) trials were not different (P = 0.08). Measurement error was 1.7 and 2.2 ml · kg−1 · min−1 and coefficient of variation 5.9% and 8.1% for measuring V̇O2peak from RAMP and PRETmax, respectively. Affect was more positive at RPE 13 (P = 0.02), 15 (P = 0.01) and 17 (P = 0.01) during PRETmax. Findings suggest that PRETmax can be used to measure V̇O2peak in participants reliant on MWP and leads to a more positive affective response compared to RAMP.

ACS Style

Michael John Hutchinson; Maureen Jane Macdonald; Roger Eston; Victoria Louise Goosey-Tolfrey. Peak oxygen uptake measured during a perceptually-regulated exercise test is reliable in community-based manual wheelchair users. Journal of Sports Sciences 2018, 37, 701 -707.

AMA Style

Michael John Hutchinson, Maureen Jane Macdonald, Roger Eston, Victoria Louise Goosey-Tolfrey. Peak oxygen uptake measured during a perceptually-regulated exercise test is reliable in community-based manual wheelchair users. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2018; 37 (6):701-707.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael John Hutchinson; Maureen Jane Macdonald; Roger Eston; Victoria Louise Goosey-Tolfrey. 2018. "Peak oxygen uptake measured during a perceptually-regulated exercise test is reliable in community-based manual wheelchair users." Journal of Sports Sciences 37, no. 6: 701-707.

Review
Published: 18 August 2018 in British Journal of Sports Medicine
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ObjectiveAssess the role of exercise intensity on changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiac conditions attending exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and Web of Science.Eligibility criteria for selectionStudies assessing change in CRF (reported as peak oxygen uptake; V̇O2peak) in patients post myocardial infarction and revascularisation, following exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. Studies establishing V̇O2peak via symptom-limited exercise test with ventilatory gas analysis and reported intensity of exercise during rehabilitation were included. Studies with mean ejection fraction Results128 studies including 13 220 patients were included. Interventions were classified as moderate, moderate-to-vigorous or vigorous intensity based on published recommendations. Moderate and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity interventions were associated with a moderate increase in relative V̇O2peak (standardised mean difference±95% CI=0.94±0.30 and 0.93±0.17, respectively), and vigorous-intensity exercise with a large increase (1.10±0.25). Moderate and vigorous-intensity interventions were associated with moderate improvements in absoluteV̇O2peak (0.63±0.34 and 0.93±0.20, respectively), whereas moderate-to-vigorous-intensity interventions elicited a large effect (1.27±0.75). Large heterogeneity among studies was observed for all analyses. Subgroup analyses yielded statistically significant, but inconsistent, improvements in CRF.ConclusionEngagement in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation was associated with significant improvements in both absolute and relative V̇O2peak. Although exercise of vigorous intensity produced the greatest pooled effect for change in relative V̇O2peak, differences in pooled effects between intensities could not be considered clinically meaningful.RegistrationProspero CRD42016035638.

ACS Style

Braden L Mitchell; Merilyn J Lock; Kade Davison; Gaynor Parfitt; John P Buckley; Roger G Eston. What is the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness in those undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2018, 53, 1341 -1351.

AMA Style

Braden L Mitchell, Merilyn J Lock, Kade Davison, Gaynor Parfitt, John P Buckley, Roger G Eston. What is the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness in those undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018; 53 (21):1341-1351.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Braden L Mitchell; Merilyn J Lock; Kade Davison; Gaynor Parfitt; John P Buckley; Roger G Eston. 2018. "What is the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness in those undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? A systematic review with meta-analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 21: 1341-1351.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2018 in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
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Exercise adherence in already low-active older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains low. Perceptual regulation and exergaming may facilitate future exercise behaviour by improving the affective experience, however evidence that this population can perceptually regulate is lacking. To explore this, we investigated 1) perceptual regulation of exercise intensity during either exergaming or regular ergometer cycling and 2) explored affective responses. Thirty-two low active older adults (73.9 ± 7.3 years, n = 16, 8 females) with or without MCI (70.9 ± 5.5 years, n = 16, 11 females) participated in a sub-maximal fitness assessment to determine ventilatory threshold (VT) and two experimental sessions (counterbalanced: exergaming or regular ergometer cycling). Experimental sessions consisted 21-min of continuous cycling with 7-min at each: RPE 9, 11 and 13. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and affect (Feeling Scale) were obtained throughout the exercise. VO2 (p < 0.01) and HR (p < 0.01) increased linearly with RPE, but were not significantly different between exercise modes or cognitive groups. At RPE 13, participants worked above VT in both modes (exergaming: 115.7 ± 27.3; non-exergaming 114.1 ± 24.3 VO2 (%VT)). Regardless of cognitive group, affect declined significantly as RPE increased (p < 0.01). However on average, affect remained pleasant throughout and did not differ between exercise modes or cognitive groups. These results suggest low-active older adults can perceptually regulate exercise intensity, regardless of cognition or mode. At RPE 13, participants regulated above VT, at an intensity that improves cardiorespiratory fitness long-term, and affect remained positive in the majority of participants, which may support long-term physical activity adherence.

ACS Style

Liam McAuliffe; Gaynor C. Parfitt; Roger G. Eston; Caitlin Gray; Hannah A. D. Keage; Ashleigh E. Smith. Combining perceptual regulation and exergaming for exercise prescription in low-active adults with and without cognitive impairment. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018, 10, 2 .

AMA Style

Liam McAuliffe, Gaynor C. Parfitt, Roger G. Eston, Caitlin Gray, Hannah A. D. Keage, Ashleigh E. Smith. Combining perceptual regulation and exergaming for exercise prescription in low-active adults with and without cognitive impairment. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2018; 10 (1):2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liam McAuliffe; Gaynor C. Parfitt; Roger G. Eston; Caitlin Gray; Hannah A. D. Keage; Ashleigh E. Smith. 2018. "Combining perceptual regulation and exergaming for exercise prescription in low-active adults with and without cognitive impairment." BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 10, no. 1: 2.

Research article
Published: 09 October 2017 in International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
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Objectives: To establish the discriminant validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football. Secondarily, to examine the association between athletic ability assessment and maximum running velocity extracted from elite Australian rules football game-play. Methods: To establish the discriminant validity of the athletic ability assessment, 43 Australian Football League players from one club were split into two groups based upon playing status; ‘starters’ ( n = 17; selected in 50% of the first 10 games of the Australian Football League season), ‘non-starters’ ( n = 26; not selected in 50% of the first 10 games of the Australian Football League season). Each group performed a modified version of the athletic ability assessment consisting of five foundational athletic movements. An independent-sampled t-test modelled the effect of player group (starters; non-starters) on the total score and for each individual exercise. Pearson product moment correlation was also conducted to establish the association between maximum running velocity and athletic ability assessment. Results: The starters attained a significantly greater total mean score on the athletic ability assessment ( d = 1.04, p < 0.05), overhead squat ( d = 0.96, p < 0.05), double lunge left ( d = 0.64, p < 0.05), single leg Romanian deadlift left ( d = 1.19, p < 0.05) and right single leg Romanian dead lift ( d = 0.79, p < 0.05) relative to the non-starters. Also noted were moderate, positive correlations between maximum running velocity and athletic ability assessment ( r = 0.31–0.46; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results support the use of the athletic ability assessment to measure movement competency in elite Australian rules football. Accordingly, physical development coaches may consider its integration in high-performance training programs.

ACS Style

Joel M Garrett; Ian McKeown; Darren J Burgess; Carl T Woods; Roger G Eston. A preliminary investigation into the discriminant and ecological validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 2017, 13, 679 -686.

AMA Style

Joel M Garrett, Ian McKeown, Darren J Burgess, Carl T Woods, Roger G Eston. A preliminary investigation into the discriminant and ecological validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2017; 13 (5):679-686.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joel M Garrett; Ian McKeown; Darren J Burgess; Carl T Woods; Roger G Eston. 2017. "A preliminary investigation into the discriminant and ecological validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 5: 679-686.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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ACS Style

Kade Davison; Braden L. Mitchell; Gaynor Parfitt; Simon Spedding; Roger G. Eston. Patterning Of Physiological And Perceptual Responses To Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2017, 49, 56 .

AMA Style

Kade Davison, Braden L. Mitchell, Gaynor Parfitt, Simon Spedding, Roger G. Eston. Patterning Of Physiological And Perceptual Responses To Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2017; 49 (5S):56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kade Davison; Braden L. Mitchell; Gaynor Parfitt; Simon Spedding; Roger G. Eston. 2017. "Patterning Of Physiological And Perceptual Responses To Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S: 56.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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ACS Style

Braden L. Mitchell; Kade Davison; Gaynor Parfitt; Simon Spedding; Roger G. Eston. Associations Between Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2017, 49, 840 -841.

AMA Style

Braden L. Mitchell, Kade Davison, Gaynor Parfitt, Simon Spedding, Roger G. Eston. Associations Between Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2017; 49 (5S):840-841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Braden L. Mitchell; Kade Davison; Gaynor Parfitt; Simon Spedding; Roger G. Eston. 2017. "Associations Between Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S: 840-841.

Book
Published: 01 April 2017 in Effort perception
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As the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale was not appropriate for children, investigators set about developing child-specific scales which employed numbers, words and/or images that were more familiar and understandable. Numerous studies have examined the validity and reliability of such scales as the CERT, PCERT and OMNI amongst children aged 5 to 16 years, across different modes of exercise (cycling, running, stepping, resistance exercise), protocols (intermittent vs. continuous, incremental vs. non-incremental) and paradigms (estimation vs. production). Such laboratory-based research has enabled the general conclusion that children can, especially with practise, use effort perception scales to differentiate between exercise intensity levels, and to self-regulate their exercise output to match various levels indicated by them. However, inconsistencies in the methodological approaches adopted diminish the certainty of some of the interpretations made by researchers. The scope for research in the application of effort perception in physical education and activity/health promotion is considerable.

ACS Style

Kevin L Lamb; Gaynor Parfitt; Roger G Eston. Effort perception. Effort perception 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Kevin L Lamb, Gaynor Parfitt, Roger G Eston. Effort perception. Effort perception. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin L Lamb; Gaynor Parfitt; Roger G Eston. 2017. "Effort perception." Effort perception , no. : 1.

Letter to the editor
Published: 28 February 2017 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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ACS Style

Roger Eston; Adrian Esterman. Statistical model ignores ‘age’, products of peak Q and a–vO2 difference greatly exceed $$\dot{\text {V}}{\text{O}_{2}}\hbox{max}$$ V ˙ O 2 max and different ergometers confound validity. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2017, 117, 1053 -1054.

AMA Style

Roger Eston, Adrian Esterman. Statistical model ignores ‘age’, products of peak Q and a–vO2 difference greatly exceed $$\dot{\text {V}}{\text{O}_{2}}\hbox{max}$$ V ˙ O 2 max and different ergometers confound validity. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2017; 117 (5):1053-1054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roger Eston; Adrian Esterman. 2017. "Statistical model ignores ‘age’, products of peak Q and a–vO2 difference greatly exceed $$\dot{\text {V}}{\text{O}_{2}}\hbox{max}$$ V ˙ O 2 max and different ergometers confound validity." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 117, no. 5: 1053-1054.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2016 in Sports Medicine
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ACS Style

Roger Eston; Hunter Bennett; Gaynor Parfitt; Kade Davison. Author’s Reply to Sabour and Ghassemi “Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults: Methodological Issues About Validity and Reliability”. Sports Medicine 2016, 46, 1383 -1384.

AMA Style

Roger Eston, Hunter Bennett, Gaynor Parfitt, Kade Davison. Author’s Reply to Sabour and Ghassemi “Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults: Methodological Issues About Validity and Reliability”. Sports Medicine. 2016; 46 (9):1383-1384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roger Eston; Hunter Bennett; Gaynor Parfitt; Kade Davison. 2016. "Author’s Reply to Sabour and Ghassemi “Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults: Methodological Issues About Validity and Reliability”." Sports Medicine 46, no. 9: 1383-1384.

Review
Published: 31 May 2016 in Sports Medicine
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ACS Style

Jérémy B. Coquart; Montassar Tabben; Claire Tourny; Karim Chamari; Roger G. Eston. Author's Reply to Will G. Hopkins: "Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study". Sports Medicine 2016, 46, 1197 -8.

AMA Style

Jérémy B. Coquart, Montassar Tabben, Claire Tourny, Karim Chamari, Roger G. Eston. Author's Reply to Will G. Hopkins: "Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study". Sports Medicine. 2016; 46 (8):1197-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jérémy B. Coquart; Montassar Tabben; Claire Tourny; Karim Chamari; Roger G. Eston. 2016. "Author's Reply to Will G. Hopkins: "Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study"." Sports Medicine 46, no. 8: 1197-8.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2016 in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
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We have presented a robust, computationally simple method that detects whether an accelerometer is being worn on the hip or wrist from 8 to 60min of data. This facilitates the use of wear-site specific algorithms to analyse accelerometer data.

ACS Style

Alex V. Rowlands; Tim S. Olds; Kishan Bakrania; Rebecca M. Stanley; Gaynor Parfitt; Roger G. Eston; Thomas Yates; Francois Fraysse. Accelerometer wear-site detection: When one site does not suit all, all of the time. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2016, 20, 368 -372.

AMA Style

Alex V. Rowlands, Tim S. Olds, Kishan Bakrania, Rebecca M. Stanley, Gaynor Parfitt, Roger G. Eston, Thomas Yates, Francois Fraysse. Accelerometer wear-site detection: When one site does not suit all, all of the time. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2016; 20 (4):368-372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex V. Rowlands; Tim S. Olds; Kishan Bakrania; Rebecca M. Stanley; Gaynor Parfitt; Roger G. Eston; Thomas Yates; Francois Fraysse. 2016. "Accelerometer wear-site detection: When one site does not suit all, all of the time." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20, no. 4: 368-372.

Comparative study
Published: 27 April 2016 in Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging
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The aim of this observational study was to compare head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during exercise using three commercial cycling ergometers. Participants (n = 12) completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion during upright, recumbent and semi-recumbent cycling. Head motion (using accelerometry), physiological data (oxygen uptake, end-tidal carbon dioxide [PETCO2] and heart rate) and changes in prefrontal haemodynamics (oxygenation, deoxygenation and blood volume using near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) were recorded. Despite no difference in oxygen uptake and heart rate, head motion was higher and PETCO2 was lower during upright cycling at maximal exercise (P0·05; PETCO2, P<0·01) revealed that prefrontal oxygenation was higher during semi-recumbent than recumbent cycling and deoxygenation and blood volume were higher during upright than recumbent and semi-recumbent cycling (respectively; P<0·05). This work highlights the robustness of the utility of NIRS to head motion and describes the potential postural effects upon the prefrontal haemodynamic response during upright and recumbent cycling exercise.

ACS Style

Gavin D. Tempest; Roger G. Eston; Gaynor Parfitt. A comparison of head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during upright and recumbent cycling exercise. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2016, 37, 723 -729.

AMA Style

Gavin D. Tempest, Roger G. Eston, Gaynor Parfitt. A comparison of head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during upright and recumbent cycling exercise. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2016; 37 (6):723-729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavin D. Tempest; Roger G. Eston; Gaynor Parfitt. 2016. "A comparison of head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during upright and recumbent cycling exercise." Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 37, no. 6: 723-729.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Sports
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The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage from a bout of plyometric exercise (PE; 10 × 10 vertical jumps) performed in aquatic, sand and firm conditions. Twenty-four healthy college-aged men were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Aquatic (AG, n = 8), Sand (SG, n = 8) and Firm (FG, n = 8). The AG performed PE in an aquatic setting with a depth of ~130 cm. The SG performed PE on a dry sand surface at a depth of 20 cm, and the FG performed PE on a 10-cm-thick wooden surface. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), knee range of motion (KROM), maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of the knee extensors, vertical jump (VJ) and 10-m sprint were measured before and 24, 48 and 72 h after the PE. Compared to baseline values, FG showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater changes in CK, DOMS, and VJ at 24 until 48 h. The MIVC decreased significantly for the SG and FG at 24 until 48 h post-exercise in comparison to the pre-exercise values. There were no significant (p > 0.05) time or group by time interactions in KROM. In the 10-m sprint, all the treatment groups showed significant (p < 0.05) changes compared to pre-exercise values at 24 h, and there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between groups. The results indicate that PE in an aquatic setting and on a sand surface induces less muscle damage than on a firm surface. Therefore, training in aquatic conditions and on sand may be beneficial for the improvement of performance, with a concurrently lower risk of muscle damage and soreness.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Roger Eston; Abbas Asadi; Behnam Roozbeh; Alireza Saati Zarei. Type of Ground Surface during Plyometric Training Affects the Severity of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Sports 2016, 4, 15 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Roger Eston, Abbas Asadi, Behnam Roozbeh, Alireza Saati Zarei. Type of Ground Surface during Plyometric Training Affects the Severity of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Sports. 2016; 4 (1):15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Roger Eston; Abbas Asadi; Behnam Roozbeh; Alireza Saati Zarei. 2016. "Type of Ground Surface during Plyometric Training Affects the Severity of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage." Sports 4, no. 1: 15.

Review
Published: 15 December 2015 in Sports Medicine
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Aerobic capacity (VO2max) is a strong predictor of health and fitness and is considered a key physiological measure in the healthy adult population. Submaximal step tests provide a safe, simple and ecologically valid means of assessing VO2max in both the general population and a rehabilitation setting. However, no studies have attempted to synthesize the existing knowledge regarding the validity of the multiple step-test protocols available to estimate VO2max in the healthy adult population. The objective of this study was to systematically review literature on the validity and reliability of submaximal step-test protocols to estimate VO2max in healthy adults (age 18-65 years). A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed. The search returned 690 studies that underwent the initial screening process. To be included, the study had to (1) have participants deemed to be healthy and aged between 18 and 65 years; (2) assess VO2max by means of a submaximal step test against a graded exercise test (GXT) to volitional exhaustion; and (3) be available in English. Reference lists from included articles were screened for additional articles. The primary outcome measures used were the validity statistics between the actual measured VO2max and predicted VO2max values, and the reported direction of the statistically significant difference between the measured VO2max and the predicted VO2max. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used to assess the risk of bias in each included study, and was adapted to the type of quantitative study design used. The combined database search produced 690 studies, from which 644 were excluded during the screening process. Following full-text assessment, a further 39 studies were excluded based on the eligibility criteria detailed previously. Four additional studies were located via the reference lists of the included studies, leaving 11 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and which compared eight different step-test protocols against a direct measure of VO2max incurred during a maximal GXT. Validity measures varied, with a broad range of correlation coefficients reported across the 11 studies (r = 0.469-0.95). Of the 11 studies, two reported reliability measures, demonstrating good test-retest reliability [mean -0.8 ± 3.7 mL kg(-1) min(-1) (±7.7 % of the mean measured VO2max)]. Considering the relationship between VO2max and various markers of health, the use of step tests as a measure of health in both the general adult population and rehabilitation settings is advocated. Step tests provide a simple, effective and ecologically valid method of submaximally assessing VO2max that can be implemented in a variety of situations within the general adult population. Future research is needed to assess the reliability of the majority of the step-test procedures reviewed. Based on the validity measures, submaximal step-test protocols are an acceptable means of estimating VO2max in the generally healthy adult population. For tracking changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, the Chester Step test appears to be an appropriate tool due to its high test-retest reliability.

ACS Style

Hunter Bennett; Gaynor Parfitt; Kade Davison; Roger Eston. Validity of Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults. Sports Medicine 2015, 46, 737 -750.

AMA Style

Hunter Bennett, Gaynor Parfitt, Kade Davison, Roger Eston. Validity of Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults. Sports Medicine. 2015; 46 (5):737-750.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hunter Bennett; Gaynor Parfitt; Kade Davison; Roger Eston. 2015. "Validity of Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults." Sports Medicine 46, no. 5: 737-750.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a published work that appeared in final form in Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000748.Dear Editor-in-Chief,\ud Shaykevich et al. (7) demonstrate the efficacy of auditory\ud feedback anchored at 75% of age-predicted HRmax to regulate\ud intensity (claimed as ‘‘moderate’’) during several\ud 20-min bouts of cycling. Their technical approach is novel,\ud but 76% HRmax is the upper limit of moderate intensity, so\ud given the large error in age-predicted HRmax, it is unlikely\ud that their exercise bandwidth was ‘‘moderate’’ for all participants.\ud This is not our major concern, but it reveals one among\ud other inaccuracies: the most serious include training, interpretation,\ud and inferences relating to the RPE

ACS Style

Roger Eston; Jeremy Coquart; Kevin Lamb; Gaynor Parfitt. Misperception. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2015, 47, 2676 -2676.

AMA Style

Roger Eston, Jeremy Coquart, Kevin Lamb, Gaynor Parfitt. Misperception. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2015; 47 (12):2676-2676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roger Eston; Jeremy Coquart; Kevin Lamb; Gaynor Parfitt. 2015. "Misperception." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47, no. 12: 2676-2676.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
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The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of 2 standardized methods for calculating speed at the second lactate-threshold point (LT2) based on the preexisting Dmax (LTD) and modified Dmax (LTMOD) procedures.

ACS Style

Samuel Chalmers; Adrian Esterman; Roger Eston; Kevin Norton. Standardisation of the Dmax Method for Calculating the Second Lactate Threshold. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2015, 10, 921 -926.

AMA Style

Samuel Chalmers, Adrian Esterman, Roger Eston, Kevin Norton. Standardisation of the Dmax Method for Calculating the Second Lactate Threshold. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2015; 10 (7):921-926.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Chalmers; Adrian Esterman; Roger Eston; Kevin Norton. 2015. "Standardisation of the Dmax Method for Calculating the Second Lactate Threshold." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 7: 921-926.