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Air pollution is the leading cause of the global burden of disease from the environment, entailing substantial economic consequences. International shipping is a significant source of NOx, SO2, CO and PM, which can cause known negative health impacts. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the health impacts and the associated external costs of ship-related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula for 2015. Moreover, the impact of CAP2020 regulations on 2015 emissions was studied. Log-linear functions based on WHO-HRAPIE relative risks for PM2.5 and NO2 all-cause mortality and morbidity health end-points, and integrated exposure–response functions for PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, were used to calculate the excess burden of disease. The number of deaths and years of life lost (YLL) due to NO2 ship-related emissions was similar to those of PM2.5 ship-related emissions. Estimated all-cause premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 ship-related emissions represented an average increase of 7.7% for the Iberian Peninsula when compared to the scenario without shipping contribution. Costs of around 9 100 million € yr-1 (for value of statistical life approach - VSL) and 1 825 million € yr−1 (for value of life year approach - VOLY) were estimated for PM and NO2 all-cause burden of disease. For PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, a cost of around 3 475 million € yr−1 (for VSL approach) and 851 million € yr−1 (for VOLY approach) were estimated. Costs due to PM and NO2 all-cause burden represented around 0.72% and 0.15% of the Iberian Peninsula gross domestic product in 2015, respectively for VSL and VOLY approaches. For PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, costs represented around 0.28% and 0.06%, respectively, for VSL and VOLY approaches. If CAP2020 regulations had been applied in 2015, around 50% and 30% respectively of PM2.5 and NO2 ship-related mortality would been avoided. These results show that air pollution from ships has a considerable impact on health and associated costs affecting the Iberian Peninsula.
Rafael A.O. Nunes; Maria C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Antonio L. Peñuelas; Vanessa Durán-Grados; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia I.V. Sousa. Estimating the health and economic burden of shipping related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula. Environment International 2021, 156, 106763 .
AMA StyleRafael A.O. Nunes, Maria C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando G. Martins, Antonio L. Peñuelas, Vanessa Durán-Grados, Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Hanna Hannuniemi, Sofia I.V. Sousa. Estimating the health and economic burden of shipping related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula. Environment International. 2021; 156 ():106763.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael A.O. Nunes; Maria C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Antonio L. Peñuelas; Vanessa Durán-Grados; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia I.V. Sousa. 2021. "Estimating the health and economic burden of shipping related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula." Environment International 156, no. : 106763.
As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Spanish government declared a State of Emergency, and domestic passenger ship traffic was restricted in Spanish ports. This manuscript presents scenarios of emissions from domestic shipping traffic in the seas of the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) over three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Emissions were estimated for only 90 days of the pandemic, and two scenarios were studied: emissions while vessels were berthed at the Algeciras Port and emissions as a consequence of the interruption of passenger ship transportation in the Strait of Gibraltar. To this end, the authors’ own model was used, which has near zero uncertainties. This model was used for the first time in this study and takes into account both meteorological and sea condition parameters, as well as the efficiency of the propulsion system. The manuscript concentrates on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM) from six Ro-Pax ships that ceased to operate. The main finding is that as a consequence of the pandemic, reductions of up to 12% were found in the Strait of Gibraltar in all the pollutants and GHGs when taking into account all international traffic, while the decrease in emissions from domestic traffic only reached 51%.
Vanessa Durán-Grados; Yolanda Amado-Sánchez; Fátima Calderay-Cayetano; Rubén Rodríguez-Moreno; Emilio Pájaro-Velázquez; Antonio Ramírez-Sánchez; Sofia Sousa; Rafael Nunes; Maria Alvim-Ferraz; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez. Calculating a Drop in Carbon Emissions in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) from Domestic Shipping Traffic Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10368 .
AMA StyleVanessa Durán-Grados, Yolanda Amado-Sánchez, Fátima Calderay-Cayetano, Rubén Rodríguez-Moreno, Emilio Pájaro-Velázquez, Antonio Ramírez-Sánchez, Sofia Sousa, Rafael Nunes, Maria Alvim-Ferraz, Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez. Calculating a Drop in Carbon Emissions in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) from Domestic Shipping Traffic Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVanessa Durán-Grados; Yolanda Amado-Sánchez; Fátima Calderay-Cayetano; Rubén Rodríguez-Moreno; Emilio Pájaro-Velázquez; Antonio Ramírez-Sánchez; Sofia Sousa; Rafael Nunes; Maria Alvim-Ferraz; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez. 2020. "Calculating a Drop in Carbon Emissions in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) from Domestic Shipping Traffic Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10368.
Marine traffic has been identified as a relevant source of pollutants, which cause known negative effects on air quality. The Iberian Peninsula is a central point in the connection of shipping traffic between the Americas, Africa, and the rest of Europe. To estimate the effects of shipping emissions inland and around the Iberian Peninsula, the EMEP/MSC-W model was run considering and not considering shipping emissions (obtained with STEAM3). Total estimated emissions of CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, and particulate matter (subdivided into elementary carbon – EC, organic carbon – OC, sulfate, and ash) for the study domain in 2015 were respectively 49, 30 000, 360, 710, 4.5, 11, 32, and 3.3 kt yr−1. Shipping emissions increased SO2 and NO2 concentrations, especially near port areas, and also increased the O3, sulfate, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations over the entire Iberian Peninsula coastline (especially in the south coastal region). Shipping emissions were responsible for exceedances of WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5 in areas far from the coastline, which confirms that shipping emissions can contribute negatively to air quality, both in coastal and inland areas.
Rafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Fátima Calderay-Cayetano; Vanessa Durán-Grados; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia I. V. Sousa. Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and the impacts on air quality. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2020, 20, 9473 -9489.
AMA StyleRafael A. O. Nunes, Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando G. Martins, Fátima Calderay-Cayetano, Vanessa Durán-Grados, Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Hanna Hannuniemi, Sofia I. V. Sousa. Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and the impacts on air quality. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 20 (15):9473-9489.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Fátima Calderay-Cayetano; Vanessa Durán-Grados; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia I. V. Sousa. 2020. "Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and the impacts on air quality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 15: 9473-9489.
Poor indoor air quality in scholar environments have been frequently reported, but its impact on respiratory health in schoolchildren has not been sufficiently explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the associations between children's exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) in nursery and primary schools and childhood asthma. Multivariate models (independent and multipollutant) quantified the associations of children's exposure with asthma-related health outcomes: reported active wheezing, reported and diagnosed asthma, and lung function (reduced FEV1/FVC and reduced FEV1). A microenvironmental modelling approach estimated individual inhaled exposure to major indoor air pollutants (CO2, CO, formaldehyde, NO2, O3, TVOC, PM2.5 and PM10) in nursery and primary schools from both urban and rural sites in northern Portugal. Questionnaires and medical tests (spirometry pre- and post-bronchodilator) were used to obtain information on health outcomes and to diagnose asthma following the newest international clinical guidelines. After testing children for aeroallergen sensitisation, multinomial models estimated the effect of exposure to particulate matter on asthma in sensitised individuals. The study population were 1530 children attending nursery and primary schools, respectively 648 pre-schoolers (3–5 years old) and 882 primary school children (6–10 years old). This study found no evidence of a significant association between IAP in nursery and primary schools and the prevalence of childhood asthma. However, reported active wheezing was associated with higher NO2, and reduced FEV1 was associated with higher O3 and PM2.5, despite NO2 and O3 in schools were always below the 200 μg m−3 threshold from WHO and National legislation, respectively. Moreover, sensitised children to common aeroallergens were more likely to have asthma during childhood when exposed to particulate matter in schools. These findings support the urgent need for mitigation measures to reduce IAP in schools, reducing its burden to children's health.
Pedro T.B.S. Branco; Maria C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Catarina Ferraz; Luísa G. Vaz; Sofia I.V. Sousa. Impact of indoor air pollution in nursery and primary schools on childhood asthma. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 745, 140982 .
AMA StylePedro T.B.S. Branco, Maria C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando G. Martins, Catarina Ferraz, Luísa G. Vaz, Sofia I.V. Sousa. Impact of indoor air pollution in nursery and primary schools on childhood asthma. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 745 ():140982.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro T.B.S. Branco; Maria C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Catarina Ferraz; Luísa G. Vaz; Sofia I.V. Sousa. 2020. "Impact of indoor air pollution in nursery and primary schools on childhood asthma." Science of The Total Environment 745, no. : 140982.
The use of low-cost sensor technology to monitor air pollution has made remarkable strides in the last decade. The development of low-cost devices to monitor air quality in indoor environments can be used to understand the behaviour of indoor air pollutants and potentially impact on the reduction of related health impacts. These user-friendly devices are portable, require low-maintenance, and can enable near real-time, continuous monitoring. They can also contribute to citizen science projects and community-driven science. However, low-cost sensors have often been associated with design compromises that hamper data reliability. Moreover, with the rapidly increasing number of studies, projects, and grey literature based on low-cost sensors, information got scattered. Intending to identify and review scientifically validated literature on this topic, this study critically summarizes the recent research pertinent to the development of indoor air quality monitoring devices using low-cost sensors. The method employed for this review was a thorough search of three scientific databases, namely: ScienceDirect, IEEE, and Scopus. A total of 891 titles published since 2012 were found and scanned for relevance. Finally, 41 research articles consisting of 35 unique device development projects were reviewed with a particular emphasis on device development: calibration and performance of sensors, the processor used, data storage and communication, and the availability of real-time remote access of sensor data. The most prominent finding of the study showed a lack of studies consisting of sensor performance as only 16 out of 35 projects performed calibration/validation of sensors. An even fewer number of studies conducted these tests with a reference instrument. Hence, a need for more studies with calibration, credible validation, and standardization of sensor performance and assessment is recommended for subsequent research.
Hiten Chojer; Pedro Branco; F.G. Martins; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; S.I.V. Sousa. Development of low-cost indoor air quality monitoring devices: Recent advancements. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 727, 138385 .
AMA StyleHiten Chojer, Pedro Branco, F.G. Martins, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, S.I.V. Sousa. Development of low-cost indoor air quality monitoring devices: Recent advancements. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 727 ():138385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiten Chojer; Pedro Branco; F.G. Martins; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; S.I.V. Sousa. 2020. "Development of low-cost indoor air quality monitoring devices: Recent advancements." Science of The Total Environment 727, no. : 138385.
Marine traffic has been identified as a relevant source of pollutants, which cause known negative effects on air quality. The Iberian Peninsula is a central point in the connection of shipping traffic between the Americas and Africa and the rest of Europe. To estimate the effects of shipping emissions inland and around the Iberian Peninsula, EMEP MSC-W model was run considering and not considering shipping emissions (obtained with STEAM3 model). Total estimated emissions of CO, CO2, SOx, NOx and particulate matter (subdivided in elementary carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulphate and ash) for the study domain in 2015 were, respectively, 49 ktonnes y-1, 30000 ktonnes y-1, 360 ktonnes y-1, 710 ktonnes y-1, 4.5 ktonnes y-1, 11 ktonnes y-1, 32 ktonnes y-1 and 3.3 ktonnes y-1. Shipping emissions increased SO2 and NO2 concentrations especially near port areas and also increased the O3, sulphate, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations around all over the Iberian Peninsula coastline (especially in the south coastal region). Shipping emissions were responsible for exceedances of WHO air quality guideline for PM2.5 in areas far from the coastline, which confirms that shipping emissions can contribute negatively to air quality, both in coastal and in inland areas.
Rafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Fátima Calderay-Cayetano; Vanessa Durán-Grados; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia I. V. Sousa. Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and its impacts on air quality. 2020, 2020, 1 -28.
AMA StyleRafael A. O. Nunes, Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando G. Martins, Fátima Calderay-Cayetano, Vanessa Durán-Grados, Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Hanna Hannuniemi, Sofia I. V. Sousa. Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and its impacts on air quality. . 2020; 2020 ():1-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Fátima Calderay-Cayetano; Vanessa Durán-Grados; Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia I. V. Sousa. 2020. "Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and its impacts on air quality." 2020, no. : 1-28.
Pedro Branco; Maria C. M. Alvim‐Ferraz; Fernando Martins; Catarina Ferraz; Luísa G. Vaz; Sofia I. V. Sousa. Asthma in urban and rural pre‐ and primary schoolchildren according to the latest GINA definition. Allergy 2020, 75, 1771 -1776.
AMA StylePedro Branco, Maria C. M. Alvim‐Ferraz, Fernando Martins, Catarina Ferraz, Luísa G. Vaz, Sofia I. V. Sousa. Asthma in urban and rural pre‐ and primary schoolchildren according to the latest GINA definition. Allergy. 2020; 75 (7):1771-1776.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Branco; Maria C. M. Alvim‐Ferraz; Fernando Martins; Catarina Ferraz; Luísa G. Vaz; Sofia I. V. Sousa. 2020. "Asthma in urban and rural pre‐ and primary schoolchildren according to the latest GINA definition." Allergy 75, no. 7: 1771-1776.
Active transportation (walking or cycling) as a substitute for car trips still represents a small percentage of all daily travels in many European cities. This study aimed to estimate the health and economic co-benefits for the adult population of modal shift from driving to active travel in urban environments. Three scenarios were modelled for the case study, the city of Porto, Portugal, by comparing travel patterns of 2013 to hypothetical scenarios of modal shifts from driving to active transport, namely: i) SC1 - conservative scenario, with a change of 5% from driving to cycling and 10% from driving to walking; ii) SC2 - moderate scenario, with a shift of 10% and 15%, respectively; and iii) SC3 - optimistic scenario, with a shift of 15% and 20%, respectively. The mortality risk reduction for five health outcomes (colon and breast cancers, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease) was assessed, including an estimation of traffic injury and air pollution exposure risks. Results were presented in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) avoided. Economic valuation for each scenario was performed using a Willingness-to-Pay approach for morbimortality and a Cost of Illness approach for 2013 hospitalizations and work absenteeism. Significant health benefits were found in all modelled scenarios, ranging from 1657 (16%) to 2881 (28%) DALYs avoided. Total costs averted ranged from €3894 to €6769 million through the scenarios. Cardio and cerebrovascular diseases mortality presented the largest benefit, accounting for about 3/4 of all avoidable DALYs in all scenarios. Reductions in CO2 and PM10 emissions were calculated, showing a decrease from 31.6 to 73.7 kt of CO2 and 7 to 16 t for PM10, respectively. A modal shift towards active transportation could lead to significant health and economic benefits, indicating that the evaluation of health impacts should be included in the analysis of active transport interventions.
Patricia Ferrini Rodrigues; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; P. Saldiva; Thiago Herick de Sa; S.I.V. Sousa. Health economic assessment of a shift to active transport. Environmental Pollution 2019, 258, 113745 .
AMA StylePatricia Ferrini Rodrigues, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando Martins, P. Saldiva, Thiago Herick de Sa, S.I.V. Sousa. Health economic assessment of a shift to active transport. Environmental Pollution. 2019; 258 ():113745.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia Ferrini Rodrigues; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; P. Saldiva; Thiago Herick de Sa; S.I.V. Sousa. 2019. "Health economic assessment of a shift to active transport." Environmental Pollution 258, no. : 113745.
Rafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia Sousa. HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF OZONE SHIP-RELATED AIR POLLUTION IN PORTUGAL. Air Pollution XXVII 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleRafael A. O. Nunes, Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando Martins, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Hanna Hannuniemi, Sofia Sousa. HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF OZONE SHIP-RELATED AIR POLLUTION IN PORTUGAL. Air Pollution XXVII. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen; Hanna Hannuniemi; Sofia Sousa. 2019. "HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF OZONE SHIP-RELATED AIR POLLUTION IN PORTUGAL." Air Pollution XXVII , no. : 1.
Juliana P. Sá; Pedro Branco; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; Sofia Sousa. CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR IN SCHOOLS: IMPACT ON WHEEZING. Air Pollution XXVII 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleJuliana P. Sá, Pedro Branco, Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando Martins, Sofia Sousa. CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR IN SCHOOLS: IMPACT ON WHEEZING. Air Pollution XXVII. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuliana P. Sá; Pedro Branco; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; Sofia Sousa. 2019. "CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR IN SCHOOLS: IMPACT ON WHEEZING." Air Pollution XXVII , no. : 1.
Poor indoor air quality can adversely affect children's health, comfort and school performance, but existing literature on quantifying indoor air pollutants (IAP) determinants' in nursery and primary schools is limited. Following previous studies, this study mainly aimed to quantify determinants of selected IAP, in nursery and primary schools from both urban and rural sites, accounting for seasonal variations. In 101 indoor microenvironments (classrooms, bedrooms and canteens) from 25 nursery and primary schools, CO2, CO, HCOH, NO2, O3, total volatile organic compounds, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particles (TSP), and meteorological/comfort parameters were continuously sampled (occupancy and background levels), from at least 24 h to 9 consecutive working days (not simultaneously) in each studied room; in some cases weekend was also considered. Children faced thermal discomfort and inadequate humidity, respectively in 60.1% and 44.1% of the studied classrooms. They were also exposed to high levels of IAP, namely PM2.5 and CO2 respectively in 69.0% and 41.3% of the studied classrooms, mostly in urban sites, depending on season and on occupancy and activity patterns (different amongst age groups). As PM2.5 and CO2 were the major concerning IAP, multivariate linear regression models were built to quantify (explained variability and relative importance) their main determinants, in both occupancy and non-occupancy (background) periods. Models for occupancy periods showed higher explained variability (R2 = 0.64, 0.57 and 0.47, respectively, for CO2, PM2.5 and PM10) than for non-occupancy. Besides background concentrations (43.5% of relative importance), relative humidity (21.1%), flooring material (17.0%), heating (6.7%) and age group of the occupants (5.3%), adjusted for season of sampling (6.4%) were predictors in CO2 occupancy model. In the cases of PM2.5 and PM10 occupancy concentrations, besides background concentrations (71.2% and 67.2% of relative importance, respectively for PM2.5 and PM10), type of school management (8.8% and 15.2%) and flooring material (13.9% and 13.9%), adjusted for season of sampling (6.1% and 3.8%), were the main predictors. These findings support the need of mitigation measures to reduce IAP levels, and prevention actions to avoid children's exposure. Reducing the time spent indoors in the same microenvironment by doing more and/or longer breaks, improving ventilation and cleaning actions, and avoiding or making a better maintenance hardwood flooring materials, chalkboard use and VOC emitting materials, are practices that should be implemented and their impacts quantified.
P.T.B.S. Branco; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. Quantifying indoor air quality determinants in urban and rural nursery and primary schools. Environmental Research 2019, 176, 108534 .
AMA StyleP.T.B.S. Branco, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, F.G. Martins, S.I.V. Sousa. Quantifying indoor air quality determinants in urban and rural nursery and primary schools. Environmental Research. 2019; 176 ():108534.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP.T.B.S. Branco; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. 2019. "Quantifying indoor air quality determinants in urban and rural nursery and primary schools." Environmental Research 176, no. : 108534.
Maritime sector is expected to continue growing significantly in line with world trade, however its impacts on environmental, social and human health are not yet fully known. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the external costs of in-port shipping emissions (NOx, SO2, CO2, VOCs and PM2.5) and accomplish a comprehensive eco-efficiency evaluation of four ports in Portugal (Leixões, Setúbal, Sines and Viana do Castelo) during 2013. External costs were based on the external cost factors from BeTa, CAFE and NEEDS projects and from Song (2014). Eco-efficiency evaluation was based on environmental, social and economic criteria. Results showed higher externalities for Sines and Setúbal (2.0E+02 million €), followed by Leixões (1.8E+02 million €), and Viana do Castelo (6.3 million €). NOx, SO2, and PM2.5 were the pollutants with the highest externalities. Sines port showed the best overall eco-efficiency. Although Setúbal port showed higher performance than Viana do Castelo port based on the economic data, when social and environmental aspects were considered the results changed. This shows the importance of performing a more comprehensive analysis using social and environmental indicators. The combination of all these indicators is highly important to support the implementation of policies for the abatement of shipping in-port emissions.
R.A.O. Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. Environmental and social valuation of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 235, 62 -69.
AMA StyleR.A.O. Nunes, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, F.G. Martins, S.I.V. Sousa. Environmental and social valuation of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 235 ():62-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR.A.O. Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. 2019. "Environmental and social valuation of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal." Journal of Environmental Management 235, no. : 62-69.
Smart cities aim to improve the citizens' quality of life by leveraging information about urban scale processes extracted from heterogeneous data sources collected on citywide deployments. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is, thus, the enabler of smart city technologies at urban scale. In this paper, we present PortoLivingLab, a multisource sensing infrastructure that leverages IoT technology to achieve city-scale sensing of four phenomena: weather, environment, public transport, and people flows. To sense these processes on a city scale, we deployed a vehicular network with over 600 vehicles and 19 static environmental sensors. We also developed an easily reconfigurable crowdsensing platform and carried out several crowdsensing campaigns with more than 600 participants. The data is collected in a common backend and stored using similar spatio-temporal data models to simplify sharing and joint analysis for the characterization of urban dynamics. We describe the architecture and composing elements of PortoLivingLab, highlighting the IoT technologies, and challenges faced. We present several proof-of-concept use cases (e.g., passenger flows from WiFi connections) that provide new insights into different components of an evolving and moving city. Finally, we lay out the future lines of work that will strive for finding hidden phenomena by leveraging data from the three complementary platforms.
Pedro M. Santos; Cristina Queiros; Susana Sargento; Ana Aguiar; Joao Barros; Joao G. P. Rodrigues; Susana B. Cruz; Tiago Lourenco; Pedro M. D'Orey; Yunior Luis; Cecilia Rocha; Sofia Sousa; Sergio Crisostomo. PortoLivingLab: An IoT-Based Sensing Platform for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2018, 5, 523 -532.
AMA StylePedro M. Santos, Cristina Queiros, Susana Sargento, Ana Aguiar, Joao Barros, Joao G. P. Rodrigues, Susana B. Cruz, Tiago Lourenco, Pedro M. D'Orey, Yunior Luis, Cecilia Rocha, Sofia Sousa, Sergio Crisostomo. PortoLivingLab: An IoT-Based Sensing Platform for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2018; 5 (2):523-532.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro M. Santos; Cristina Queiros; Susana Sargento; Ana Aguiar; Joao Barros; Joao G. P. Rodrigues; Susana B. Cruz; Tiago Lourenco; Pedro M. D'Orey; Yunior Luis; Cecilia Rocha; Sofia Sousa; Sergio Crisostomo. 2018. "PortoLivingLab: An IoT-Based Sensing Platform for Smart Cities." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 5, no. 2: 523-532.
In the last few years, ship emissions have attracted growing attention in the scientific community. The main reason is the constant increase of marine emissions over the last twenty years due to the intensification of port traffic. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate ship emissions (PM, PM, NO, SO, CO, CO, NO CH, NMVOC, and HC) through the activity-based methodology in four of the main ports of Portugal (Leixões, Setúbal, Sines and Viana do Castelo) during 2013 and 2014. The analysis was performed according to ship types (bulk carrier, container, general cargo, passenger, Ro-Ro cargo, tanker and others) and operational modes (manoeuvring, hotelling and during cruising). Results indicated that tankers were the largest emitters in two of the four analysed ports. Regarding cruising emissions, container ships were the largest emitters. . CO, NO and SO estimated emissions represented more than 95% of the cruising and in-port emissions. Results were also compared with the total national emissions reported by the Portuguese Environment Agency, and if the in-port emissions estimated in the present study would have been taken into account to these totals, emissions of NO and SO would increase 15% and 24% in 2013 and 16% and 28% in 2014. Summing up ships seem to be an important source of air pollution, mainly regarding NO and SO.
Rafael António Oliveira Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. Assessment of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal. Environmental Pollution 2017, 231, 1370 -1379.
AMA StyleRafael António Oliveira Nunes, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando Martins, S.I.V. Sousa. Assessment of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 231 ():1370-1379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael António Oliveira Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. 2017. "Assessment of shipping emissions on four ports of Portugal." Environmental Pollution 231, no. : 1370-1379.
Several studies tried to estimate atmospheric emissions with origin in the maritime sector, concluding that it contributed to the global anthropogenic emissions through the emission of pollutants that have a strong impact on hu' health and also on climate change. Thus, this paper aimed to review published studies since 2010 that used activity-based methodology to estimate ship emissions, to provide a summary of the available input data. After exclusions, 26 articles were analysed and the main information were scanned and registered, namely technical information about ships, ships activity and movement information, engines, fuels, load and emission factors. The larger part of studies calculating in-port ship emissions concluded that the majority was emitted during hotelling and most of the authors allocating emissions by ship type concluded that containerships were the main pollutant emitters. To obtain technical information about ships the combined use of data from Lloyd's Register of Shipping database with other sources such as port authority's databases, engine manufactures and ship-owners seemed the best approach. The use of AIS data has been growing in recent years and seems to be the best method to report activities and movements of ships. To predict ship powers the Hollenbach (1998) method which estimates propelling power as a function of instantaneous speed based on total resistance and use of load balancing schemes for multi-engine installations seemed to be the best practices for more accurate ship emission estimations. For emission factors improvement, new on-board measurement campaigns or studies should be undertaken. Regardless of the effort that has been performed in the last years to obtain more accurate shipping emission inventories, more precise input data (technical information about ships, engines, load and emission factors) should be obtained to improve the methodology to develop global and universally accepted emission inventories for an effective environmental policy plan.
Rafael António Oliveira Nunes; Maria Da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. The activity-based methodology to assess ship emissions - A review. Environmental Pollution 2017, 231, 87 -103.
AMA StyleRafael António Oliveira Nunes, Maria Da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando Martins, S.I.V. Sousa. The activity-based methodology to assess ship emissions - A review. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 231 ():87-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael António Oliveira Nunes; Maria Da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando Martins; S.I.V. Sousa. 2017. "The activity-based methodology to assess ship emissions - A review." Environmental Pollution 231, no. : 87-103.
Indoor air pollution mitigation measures are highly important due to the associated health impacts, especially on children, a risk group that spends significant time indoors. Thus, the main goal of the work here reported was the evaluation of mitigation measures implemented in nursery and primary schools to improve air quality. Continuous measurements of CO2, CO, NO2, O3, CH2O, total volatile organic compounds (VOC), PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and radon, as well as temperature and relative humidity were performed in two campaigns, before and after the implementation of low-cost mitigation measures. Evaluation of those mitigation measures was performed through the comparison of the concentrations measured in both campaigns. Exceedances to the values set by the national legislation and World Health Organization (WHO) were found for PM2.5, PM10, CO2 and CH2O during both indoor air quality campaigns. Temperature and relative humidity values were also above the ranges recommended by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). In general, pollutant concentrations measured after the implementation of low-cost mitigation measures were significantly lower, mainly for CO2. However, mitigation measures were not always sufficient to decrease the pollutants’ concentrations till values considered safe to protect human health.
Juliana P. Sá; Pedro T. B. S. Branco; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Sofia I. V. Sousa. Evaluation of Low-Cost Mitigation Measures Implemented to Improve Air Quality in Nursery and Primary Schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 585 .
AMA StyleJuliana P. Sá, Pedro T. B. S. Branco, Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando G. Martins, Sofia I. V. Sousa. Evaluation of Low-Cost Mitigation Measures Implemented to Improve Air Quality in Nursery and Primary Schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (6):585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuliana P. Sá; Pedro T. B. S. Branco; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Sofia I. V. Sousa. 2017. "Evaluation of Low-Cost Mitigation Measures Implemented to Improve Air Quality in Nursery and Primary Schools." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 585.
Edris Hoseinzadeh; Parisa Taha; Asghar Sepahvand; Sofia Sousa. Indoor air fungus bioaerosols and comfort index in day care child centers. Toxin Reviews 2016, 36, 125 -131.
AMA StyleEdris Hoseinzadeh, Parisa Taha, Asghar Sepahvand, Sofia Sousa. Indoor air fungus bioaerosols and comfort index in day care child centers. Toxin Reviews. 2016; 36 (2):125-131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdris Hoseinzadeh; Parisa Taha; Asghar Sepahvand; Sofia Sousa. 2016. "Indoor air fungus bioaerosols and comfort index in day care child centers." Toxin Reviews 36, no. 2: 125-131.
P.T.B.S. Branco; R.A.O. Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; C. Ferraz; L.G. Vaz; S.I.V. Sousa; Maria Da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz. Asthma prevalence in Portuguese preschool children: The latest scientific evidence. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 2016, 22, 293 -295.
AMA StyleP.T.B.S. Branco, R.A.O. Nunes, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, F.G. Martins, C. Ferraz, L.G. Vaz, S.I.V. Sousa, Maria Da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz. Asthma prevalence in Portuguese preschool children: The latest scientific evidence. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition). 2016; 22 (5):293-295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP.T.B.S. Branco; R.A.O. Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; C. Ferraz; L.G. Vaz; S.I.V. Sousa; Maria Da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz. 2016. "Asthma prevalence in Portuguese preschool children: The latest scientific evidence." Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 22, no. 5: 293-295.
The literature proves an evident association between indoor radon exposure and lung cancer, even at low doses. This study brings a new approach to the study of children’s exposure to radon by aiming to evaluate exposure to indoor radon concentrations in nursery and primary schools from two districts in Portugal (Porto and Bragança), considering different influencing factors (occupation patterns, classroom floor level, year of the buildings’ construction and soil composition of the building site), as well as the comparison with IAQ standard values for health protection. Fifteen nursery and primary schools in the Porto and Bragança districts were considered: five nursery schools for infants and twelve for pre-schoolers (seven different buildings), as well as eight primary schools. Radon measurements were performed continuously. The measured concentrations depended on the building occupation, classroom floor level and year of the buildings’ construction. Although they were in general within the Portuguese legislation for IAQ, exceedances to international standards were found. These results point out the need of assessing indoor radon concentrations not only in primary schools, but also in nursery schools, never performed in Portugal before this study. It is important to extend the study to other microenvironments like homes, and in time to estimate the annual effective dose and to assess lifetime health risks.
Pedro T. B. S. Branco; Rafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Sofia I. V. Sousa. Children’s Exposure to Radon in Nursery and Primary Schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 386 .
AMA StylePedro T. B. S. Branco, Rafael A. O. Nunes, Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, Fernando G. Martins, Sofia I. V. Sousa. Children’s Exposure to Radon in Nursery and Primary Schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (4):386.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro T. B. S. Branco; Rafael A. O. Nunes; Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz; Fernando G. Martins; Sofia I. V. Sousa. 2016. "Children’s Exposure to Radon in Nursery and Primary Schools." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 4: 386.
Asthma is the commonest and most important chronic non-infectious disease in childhood and it has become more prevalent in recent years. There is a shortage of studies in relation to early childhood and so, as part of the INAIRCHILD project, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of asthma and its associated risk factors, namely demographic, environmental, psychosocial and clinical factors for infants and preschoolers living in Northern Portugal. Data concerning asthma prevalence were collected through questionnaires based on those from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC-derived), the questionnaires were distributed to 1042 children attending the 17 nurseries involved in the INAIRCHILD project (10 in urban and suburban context, and 7 in rural context). The response rate was 48%. Prevalence of asthma based on symptomatology and odds ratio was calculated. Around 52% of the studied children presented at least one of the respiratory symptoms investigated (wheeze, dyspnea and cough) in the absence of upper respiratory infections. The prevalence of asthma was 10.7%, comparable to the figures for Portuguese schoolchildren (6–7 years old) reported by the national Directorate-General of Health, thus showing that an early diagnosis might be possible and helpful for the mitigation of childhood asthma. Environmental context (urban, suburban or rural), gender and family asthma history showed clear associations with asthma prevalence, namely non-rural location, male gender, and having an asthmatic parent were found to be risk factors.
P.T.B.S. Branco; R.A.O. Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; C. Ferraz; L.G. Vaz; S.I.V. Sousa. Asthma prevalence and risk factors in early childhood at Northern Portugal. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 2015, 22, 146 -150.
AMA StyleP.T.B.S. Branco, R.A.O. Nunes, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz, F.G. Martins, C. Ferraz, L.G. Vaz, S.I.V. Sousa. Asthma prevalence and risk factors in early childhood at Northern Portugal. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition). 2015; 22 (3):146-150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP.T.B.S. Branco; R.A.O. Nunes; M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz; F.G. Martins; C. Ferraz; L.G. Vaz; S.I.V. Sousa. 2015. "Asthma prevalence and risk factors in early childhood at Northern Portugal." Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 22, no. 3: 146-150.