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Dr. Carola Hein
Department of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands

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0 history of architecture
0 port cities
0 Urbanism and planning
0 Global commodity flows and their impact on the built environment in cities and landscapes
0 Petroleumscapes

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history of architecture

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Research article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Journal of Planning History
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Port cities have long played a key role in the development, discovery, and fight against diseases. They have been laboratories for policies to address public health issues. Diseases reached port cities through maritime exchanges, and the bubonic plague is a key example. Port city residents’ close contact with water further increased the chance for diseases such as cholera. Analyzing three European port cities, this article first explores the relevance of water quality for public health through the lens of the Dutch city of Rotterdam. It then examines plans and projects for London that were shaped by social Darwinism and stressed the moral failings of slum dwellers as a major cause for their misery. It finally explores the case of Hamburg as the perfect example of a city that cultivated ideals of purity and cleanliness by addressing all issues at stake in public health. This article on urban hygiene in three port cities shows how remarkably rich this field of study is; it also demonstrates that the multifaceted aspects of public health in port cities require further attention.

ACS Style

Dirk Schubert; Cor Wagenaar; Carola Hein. “The Hoist of the Yellow Flag”: Vulnerable Port Cities and Public Health. Journal of Planning History 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Dirk Schubert, Cor Wagenaar, Carola Hein. “The Hoist of the Yellow Flag”: Vulnerable Port Cities and Public Health. Journal of Planning History. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dirk Schubert; Cor Wagenaar; Carola Hein. 2021. "“The Hoist of the Yellow Flag”: Vulnerable Port Cities and Public Health." Journal of Planning History , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 07 April 2021 in Planning Perspectives
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In the mid-nineteenth century, civil engineering and technological innovation began to play a major role in the modernization and westernization of Japan. From the 1870s to the 1890s, Dutch civil engineers worked with Japanese practitioners on the design of Japanese ports, a key starting point for urban development. This article explores the role of port and port city planning by Dutch civil engineers on the development of Japanese engineering and planning practice following modern construction methods and technology. It explores the degree to which port and water planning proposals that were associated with foreign forces influenced the development of civil engineering-inspired urban planning practice in Japan. The article examines three case studies of port planning: Nobiru, Mikuni and Yokohama. It shows that comprehensive planning proposals by the Dutch engineers, who combined water management and the construction of port basins and breakwaters with city development, were only partially implemented because they were not aligned with Japanese natural and technical conditions. Instead, Japanese professionals stripped the proposals of the urban context and adopted engineering technology. The fascine mattress technique for breakwaters and imported steam dredging machines became key elements for the construction of basins and the maintenance of modern port function.

ACS Style

Kazumasa Iwamoto; Carola Hein. The role of Dutch civil engineering in modern port planning in Japan (1870s–1890s). Planning Perspectives 2021, 36, 617 -629.

AMA Style

Kazumasa Iwamoto, Carola Hein. The role of Dutch civil engineering in modern port planning in Japan (1870s–1890s). Planning Perspectives. 2021; 36 (3):617-629.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kazumasa Iwamoto; Carola Hein. 2021. "The role of Dutch civil engineering in modern port planning in Japan (1870s–1890s)." Planning Perspectives 36, no. 3: 617-629.

Chapter
Published: 23 January 2020 in Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches
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Since industrialisation began in the 19th century, some ports have been moving away from the cities that once hosted them. That separation was only possible if land was available where new port basins, industries, and other infrastructure could be constructed and where port activities could prosper without being restricted by urban functions. The port of Rotterdam represents an extreme example of port-city separation. This chapter shows how the port of Rotterdam transformed from a staple port into a transit port. Port activities moved towards the North Sea in four steps that were related to technological, institutional, and trade pattern changes and changes in port-city relations. Such transitions highlight the close relationships between trade patterns, technological innovations and changing governance patterns. Each expansion required close collaboration between business leaders and the municipality, because administrative borders needed to be expanded and infrastructure constructed. The growth also created friction among the various stakeholders in the region. The merchants of the staple markets protected their trades and traditions, whereas the harbour barons that benefited most from the high-volume trans-shipment of bulk commodities pushed the expansion of the port. To illustrate these steps in the separation of port and city, the chapter takes the case of petroleum as a key example. While beneficial for the economic development of the port –and to some degree the city–the separation of port and city has led to a loss of connection between port and city institutions. The chapter concludes by briefly examining the challenges and opportunities of port and city separation in terms of economic, spatial and cultural development.

ACS Style

Carola Hein; Paul Th. van de Laar. The Separation of Ports from Cities: The Case of Rotterdam. Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches 2020, 265 -286.

AMA Style

Carola Hein, Paul Th. van de Laar. The Separation of Ports from Cities: The Case of Rotterdam. Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches. 2020; ():265-286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein; Paul Th. van de Laar. 2020. "The Separation of Ports from Cities: The Case of Rotterdam." Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches , no. : 265-286.

Article
Published: 01 July 2019 in International Journal of Technology and Design Education
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Historical investigation anchors architectural and urban practice. Analyzing two sets of questionnaires distributed in different class settings, this paper explores two questions: how do design students currently learn about architectural history, and how do they translate this knowledge into their design practice? First, tentative conclusions are that (1) physical engagement with buildings outside the classroom is an important inspiration for the students, (2) (assigned) books definitely influence their (design) thinking, (3) different types of pedagogy–lecture, seminar, thesis, studio–affect student learning in different and complementary ways, and (4) students overwhelmingly see history as a relevant preparation and foundation for design, but this understanding is implicit and often unspecific.

ACS Style

Carola Hein; Elise Van Dooren. Teaching history for design at TU Delft: exploring types of student learning and perceived relevance of history for the architecture profession. International Journal of Technology and Design Education 2019, 30, 849 -865.

AMA Style

Carola Hein, Elise Van Dooren. Teaching history for design at TU Delft: exploring types of student learning and perceived relevance of history for the architecture profession. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 2019; 30 (5):849-865.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein; Elise Van Dooren. 2019. "Teaching history for design at TU Delft: exploring types of student learning and perceived relevance of history for the architecture profession." International Journal of Technology and Design Education 30, no. 5: 849-865.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2019 in Architectural Histories
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ACS Style

Carola Hein. Scales and Perspectives of Resilience: The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Tange’s Peace Memorial. Architectural Histories 2019, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Scales and Perspectives of Resilience: The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Tange’s Peace Memorial. Architectural Histories. 2019; 7 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2019. "Scales and Perspectives of Resilience: The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Tange’s Peace Memorial." Architectural Histories 7, no. 1: 1.

Iphs section
Published: 08 March 2018 in Planning Perspectives
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A book’s cover is frequently the first visual element of a book that a reader encounters in a library, bookshop, or—most likely now—on the Internet. Combining the publisher’s usually predetermined logo, typography and layout with an image provided by the volume editor or author, the cover aims to convey multiple meanings. These meanings are particularly important in a field such as planning history, where visuals of the associated disciplines play an important role. Spatial planning and urban design convey multi-faceted ideas through masterplans that are often illustrated with memorable images. Planning history explores these images as part of its approach and needs to pay attention to the ways in which images convey meaning. Taking the example of the selection of the cover image for the Routledge Handbook of Planning History, the article presents how five different types of images addressed specific approaches of the handbook by showcasing cross-cultural exchange, identifying key words and terms of planning history, and using comic strips, games or art work as a means of translating the multiple themes of the book. This short reflective analysis concludes by asking for more investigation of the role of images as part of the changing role of planning in society and the built environment.

ACS Style

Carola Hein. What’s in a cover image? How to depict planning history. Planning Perspectives 2018, 34, 737 -747.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. What’s in a cover image? How to depict planning history. Planning Perspectives. 2018; 34 (4):737-747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2018. "What’s in a cover image? How to depict planning history." Planning Perspectives 34, no. 4: 737-747.

Original articles
Published: 01 December 2017 in Planning Perspectives
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European, American, and Japanese debates on public housing served as models for those in modern China, and Chinese scholars and professionals, with the support of the KMT (Kuomintang), developed public housing as a sign of innovation in both societal reform and building typology. Using the under-researched case of Tianjin's public housing during the so-called Nanjing Decade (1928–1937) and then again during the Japanese Occupation (1937–1945) as case studies, the paper first explores how journals, books, and foreign-trained Chinese scholars introduced the concept of public housing to China. It then examines five public housing projects that municipal authorities developed for Tianjin, two in the Nanjing Decade and three during the Japanese Occupation. Analysing the sites, architectural designs, and management rules of these projects, the paper argues that the projects in the Nanjing Decade (both planned and realized) mostly targeted poor families, serving to simultaneously solve housing problems, reform society, and police the poor; while the projects during the Japanese Occupation benefited high-income people or the Japanese, and did not play a role in the relief of the local poor, who suffered most from the housing shortage.

ACS Style

Yanchen Sun; Carola Hein; Kun Song. Planning of public housing in modern Tianjin (1928–1945). Planning Perspectives 2017, 34, 439 -462.

AMA Style

Yanchen Sun, Carola Hein, Kun Song. Planning of public housing in modern Tianjin (1928–1945). Planning Perspectives. 2017; 34 (3):439-462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanchen Sun; Carola Hein; Kun Song. 2017. "Planning of public housing in modern Tianjin (1928–1945)." Planning Perspectives 34, no. 3: 439-462.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2016 in Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica
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The future of the city is underground, says the Urban UndergroundSpace Center of Japan (USJ, 2016). And Japanese politicians clearlyagree. In 2001, the Diet passed a law about the use of the extremeunderground (daishindo), allowing some development of areas below 40 meters for public services without negotiations with owners of the land aboveground. Underground constructions are already everywhere throughout Japan. Beneath one of the densest and most crowded urban centers (Hongo, 2014), for example, Tokyo Station is connected through more than four kilometers of passageways to neighboring locations, including other major stations. They anchor another bustling city. Long passageways of underground shopping malls with restaurants are connected to subway entrances and to the high-speed Shinkansen Station. Aboveground, the land has seen extensive remodeling, fromcareful restoration of the old train station facing the Imperial Palace(Fig. 1) to the creation of new skyscrapers (Fig. 2) and a new entrance towards the Ginza shopping area (Figs. 3 and 4) (Tokyo Station, 2016).But below, the new Tokyo Station City, with its old and super-modern elements, attracts tourists and shoppers, not just passengers (Figs. 5 and 6). It has become an attraction in itself. Tokyo Station is not an exception: many other underground shopping malls lie under the capital’s major stations. Close to 3 kilometers of underground passages connect Shinjuku to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government office and other corporate skyscrapers, hotels, and department stores in its vicinity (Figs. 7, 8, and 9).

ACS Style

Hein Carola. Modernist urban visions and the contemporary city. Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica 2016, 64 -71.

AMA Style

Hein Carola. Modernist urban visions and the contemporary city. Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica. 2016; (7):64-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hein Carola. 2016. "Modernist urban visions and the contemporary city." Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica , no. 7: 64-71.

Articles
Published: 01 September 2016 in Architectural Theory Review
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Various constellations of oil actors—including corporations and nations—have shaped seemingly disconnected and geographically distant landscapes, cities, and buildings around the world over the last 150 years. Corporate, public, and popular media have publicized these cycles of spatializing oil. Together, construction and representation have created what is here collectively identified as a global palimpsestic petroleumscape. Based on archival research and a flourishing literature of secondary sources, this article applies the concept of the petroleumscape to two case studies in Iran and identifies two patterns of spatializing oil. First, in the southern region of Khuzestan, it tracks Iran’s modern transformation under the influence of British Petroleum (BP) (1901–1951), when oil and governmental interests built a complete support landscape. Then, in the capital Tehran, it investigates how US players helped shape the petroleumscape between 1953 and 1979, in line with US styles of consumption, car use, and urban development.

ACS Style

Carola Hein; Mohamad Sedighi. Iran’s Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran. Architectural Theory Review 2016, 21, 349 -374.

AMA Style

Carola Hein, Mohamad Sedighi. Iran’s Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran. Architectural Theory Review. 2016; 21 (3):349-374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein; Mohamad Sedighi. 2016. "Iran’s Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran." Architectural Theory Review 21, no. 3: 349-374.

Iphs section
Published: 22 December 2015 in Planning Perspectives
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Helen Meller; Carola Hein. Report on ‘Planning History Workshop’ held at TU Delft, June 11–13, 2015. Planning Perspectives 2015, 31, 121 -129.

AMA Style

Helen Meller, Carola Hein. Report on ‘Planning History Workshop’ held at TU Delft, June 11–13, 2015. Planning Perspectives. 2015; 31 (1):121-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Helen Meller; Carola Hein. 2015. "Report on ‘Planning History Workshop’ held at TU Delft, June 11–13, 2015." Planning Perspectives 31, no. 1: 121-129.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2015 in International Journal of Urban Sciences
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This article explores how sub-national institutions – representations from cities and regions – help create a European imaginary in Brussels. Political scientists and other scholars have noted the importance of these city and regional institutions, but have paid little attention to their physical form. Through a select set of case studies, this article analyses the vast impact that small-scale interventions in the use and re-imagination of select buildings occupied by the subnational institutions have on Brussels' urban form and function. Focusing on representations from German states, notably the city-states of Hamburg and Bremen, and including select other city and regional offices, the present article offers some first ideas of how the physical presence of these small entities transforms European Brussels. It asks how the selection, construction, reuse and restoration of buildings for the subnational institutions reshape the urban patterns of Brussels, how their architecture and external decoration contribute to the creation of a European narrative within the city, and how the institutional actors use Brussels' buildings in their print marketing and web presences constructing entangled European and regional identities.ArchitectureArchitecture and The Built Environmen

ACS Style

Carola Hein. Cities (and regions) within a city: subnational representations and the creation of European imaginaries in Brussels. International Journal of Urban Sciences 2015, 19, 93 -107.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Cities (and regions) within a city: subnational representations and the creation of European imaginaries in Brussels. International Journal of Urban Sciences. 2015; 19 (1):93-107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2015. "Cities (and regions) within a city: subnational representations and the creation of European imaginaries in Brussels." International Journal of Urban Sciences 19, no. 1: 93-107.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2015 in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
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ACS Style

Carola Hein. Urban Planning, Competitions and Exhibitions. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences 2015, 882 -888.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Urban Planning, Competitions and Exhibitions. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 2015; ():882-888.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2015. "Urban Planning, Competitions and Exhibitions." International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences , no. : 882-888.

Reference entry
Published: 17 November 2014 in Encyclopedia of Geography
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ACS Style

Barney Warf; Carola Hein. Petroleum. Encyclopedia of Geography 2014, 1 .

AMA Style

Barney Warf, Carola Hein. Petroleum. Encyclopedia of Geography. 2014; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barney Warf; Carola Hein. 2014. "Petroleum." Encyclopedia of Geography , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2014 in To Improve the Academy
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This article explores how mapping patterns of student participation in classroom discussion can both illuminate and complicate the dynamic relationships among identity, physical position in the classroom, student engagement, and course content. It draws on the perspectives of an undergraduate in the role of pedagogical consultant, a faculty member who worked in partnership with that student, and the coordinator of the program through which this collaborative exploration unfolded. The authors provide multiple angles of vision on the impetus behind, approach to, results of, and interdisciplinary possibilities of mapping classrooms and offer recommendations and cautions regarding the use of mapping.

ACS Style

Sophia Abbot; Alison Cook-Sather; Carola Hein. Mapping Classroom Interactions: A Spatial Approach to Analyzing Patterns of Student Participation. To Improve the Academy 2014, 33, 131 -152.

AMA Style

Sophia Abbot, Alison Cook-Sather, Carola Hein. Mapping Classroom Interactions: A Spatial Approach to Analyzing Patterns of Student Participation. To Improve the Academy. 2014; 33 (2):131-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sophia Abbot; Alison Cook-Sather; Carola Hein. 2014. "Mapping Classroom Interactions: A Spatial Approach to Analyzing Patterns of Student Participation." To Improve the Academy 33, no. 2: 131-152.

Articles
Published: 19 February 2014 in Planning Perspectives
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The transnational exchange of planning ideas after the Second World War was multi-directional. As this special issue demonstrates, while American concepts spread globally there was also a steady transfer of European ideas to the USA. European émigrés in the USA and American professionals explored the reconstruction of European downtowns, particularly in Northern Europe. This special issue builds on a growing interest in transnational planning history, including a desire to develop research and writing methods. The current issue contains an overview of secondary literature (Wakeman), a careful investigation of post-war professional transatlantic dialogue (Joch), research on the International Federation for Housing and Planning conference held in The Hague in 1958 (Wagner), and an examination of the term and concept of urban design throughout the Anglophone world (Orillard). The introduction also proposes further directions for research that consciously engages with changing global contexts, and studies their impact on planning beyond physical, theoretical, temporal or other boundaries, for example, discussing planners and plans that crossed the schism of the Cold War. It also calls for global integration of research tools and collaboration among researchers in the field.

ACS Style

Carola Hein. The exchange of planning ideas from Europe to the USA after the Second World War: introductory thoughts and a call for further research. Planning Perspectives 2014, 29, 143 -151.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. The exchange of planning ideas from Europe to the USA after the Second World War: introductory thoughts and a call for further research. Planning Perspectives. 2014; 29 (2):143-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2014. "The exchange of planning ideas from Europe to the USA after the Second World War: introductory thoughts and a call for further research." Planning Perspectives 29, no. 2: 143-151.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in International Journal of Global Environmental Issues
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A port city's economy has historically depended upon its ability to adapt its port to political, economic, social, and technological changes. After the 1960s, many working ports adapted to containerisation by moving away from outdated infrastructure; public and private entities in some cities redeveloped these empty, centrally located historic waterfronts for corporate use, housing, entertainment, and cruise ship tourism. The article discusses such adaptation and transformation (or the lack thereof) in London, Tokyo, Hamburg and Philadelphia, examines these ports as places of economic resilience and innovation - and, traditionally, sites of the creation of wealth for the local elite. It also evaluates today's relationship between working ports and waterfronts. Raising questions about preservation, green urbanism and livability, it addresses these cities' efforts to establish themselves as creators of resilient urban systems that promote prosperity (as defined by UN Habitat) for all citizens.

ACS Style

Carola Hein. Port cities and urban wealth: between global networks and local transformations. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 2014, 13, 339 .

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Port cities and urban wealth: between global networks and local transformations. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues. 2014; 13 (2/3/4):339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2014. "Port cities and urban wealth: between global networks and local transformations." International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 13, no. 2/3/4: 339.

Book review
Published: 01 December 2013 in The Journal of Modern History
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ACS Style

Carola Hein. Ashes and Granite: Destruction and Reconstruction in the Spanish Civil War and Its Aftermath. By Olivia Muñoz-Rojas. The Cañada Blanch/Sussex Academic Studies on Contemporary Spain. Edited by Paul Preston.Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, in association with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies, 2011. Pp. xxvi+224. £65.00. The Journal of Modern History 2013, 85, 963 -964.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Ashes and Granite: Destruction and Reconstruction in the Spanish Civil War and Its Aftermath. By Olivia Muñoz-Rojas. The Cañada Blanch/Sussex Academic Studies on Contemporary Spain. Edited by Paul Preston.Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, in association with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies, 2011. Pp. xxvi+224. £65.00. The Journal of Modern History. 2013; 85 (4):963-964.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2013. "Ashes and Granite: Destruction and Reconstruction in the Spanish Civil War and Its Aftermath. By Olivia Muñoz-Rojas. The Cañada Blanch/Sussex Academic Studies on Contemporary Spain. Edited by Paul Preston.Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, in association with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies, 2011. Pp. xxvi+224. £65.00." The Journal of Modern History 85, no. 4: 963-964.

Book review
Published: 23 April 2013 in Urban Geography
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Carola Hein. Roppongi Crossing: The Demise of a Tokyo Nightclub District and the Reshaping of a Global City . Roman Cybriwsky. Urban Geography 2013, 34, 732 -734.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Roppongi Crossing: The Demise of a Tokyo Nightclub District and the Reshaping of a Global City . Roman Cybriwsky. Urban Geography. 2013; 34 (5):732-734.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2013. "Roppongi Crossing: The Demise of a Tokyo Nightclub District and the Reshaping of a Global City . Roman Cybriwsky." Urban Geography 34, no. 5: 732-734.

Book
Published: 01 February 2013 in Port Cities
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This article begins with a brief historical introduction that illustrates the interaction between ship, port, and city in the pre-modern era. It then explores the modern era from the mid-nineteenth century, characterized by major global changes, transformation of shipping networks, and new players following industrialization. In the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century, European nations and port cities dominated and controlled global harbours. The main maritime control centres and the greatest ports were European, including London, Liverpool, and Hamburg. During this period, steamships emerged as the main carriers of goods and people, rendering travel cheaper, faster, and more reliable, and facilitating the immigration waves of the nineteenth century. Starting in the early twentieth century, the United States became a major global player, with New York and San Francisco becoming port centres in their own right. The opening of new markets in China and Japan in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries brought new port cities such as Hong Kong, Canton, and Shanghai to the global centre stage. Since the 1960s, extensive globalization and containerization have reshaped all ports and port cities. These dynamics spurred governments to both transform and revitalize former inner-city ports and construct new deep harbours.

ACS Style

Carola Hein. Port Cities. Port Cities 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Port Cities. Port Cities. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2013. "Port Cities." Port Cities , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 22 June 2010 in Journal of Urban History
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From the mid-nineteenth century, Japanese elites experimented with foreign planning concepts and transformed their cities to respond to the demands of modernization. Even though they faced similar situations, knew about established European techniques, and had large open spaces available, they established planning practices that were different from those of their foreign counterparts, building on the country’s own urban history and form, particularities in landownership, development needs, urban planning techniques, and design preferences. This article highlights, first, key issues of landownership, urban form, and urban development in the Edo period (1603—1867) and provides an overview of the urban transformation of Tokyo concentrating on the era from the early Meiji period (1860s) to the reconstruction after the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. It then examines the elements set up in the overview more closely through the study of three areas of Tokyo between the 1860s and the 1920s. The article highlights the elite’s pragmatic approach to urban transformation and underlines the importance of land readjustment, a planning technique characterized by a reduction in lot sizes to create public land and to widen and straighten out streets, plots, and blocks. Examined are the transformation of the Ginza townsmen district (with a close look at the Yamashita-chô area), the government-led construction to the east of the palace (notably the Marunouchi area) starting in the 1880s, and the Kanda Misaki-chô area, a smaller daimyo district that had been cleared of all construction. In conclusion, this article argues that Japanese planners developed a practice that departed from European and American design principles but one that was and continues to be appropriate for Japanese needs and one that might even offer lessons to foreign cities and planners.

ACS Style

Carola Hein. Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis. Journal of Urban History 2010, 36, 447 -484.

AMA Style

Carola Hein. Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis. Journal of Urban History. 2010; 36 (4):447-484.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carola Hein. 2010. "Shaping Tokyo: Land Development and Planning Practice in the Early Modern Japanese Metropolis." Journal of Urban History 36, no. 4: 447-484.