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E-learning is a convenient way of learning through a portal. E-learning is being increasingly adopted in the world; however, the factors that influence the intention of users for accepting the e-learning technology have not been sufficiently explored, particularly in developing countries. Although many e-learning acceptance models do exist, the research on a user experience (UX)-based e-learning acceptance model is still lacking. As UX is one of the crucial factors for the acceptance of an e-learning portal, this research study aims to develop and validate a UX-based e-learning acceptance framework for sustainable higher education. In this connection, a web-based responsive e-learning portal for university students has been developed. The portal can be accessed from anywhere, at any time, and on any device, making the learning sustainable. The UX-based e-learning acceptance framework is developed by integrating the selected constructs of a widely accepted UX model, technology acceptance model (TAM), and four well-known constructs from various technology acceptance models. The constructs are appeal, pleasure, satisfaction, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, information quality, self-efficacy, social influence, benefits, and behavioral intention, which can predict the intentions of the students for acceptance of the e-learning portal. The data were collected from 650 university students using online and manual questionnaires. After data screening, 513 valid responses were further analyzed using structural equation modeling. According to the results, the framework fits the data well. The constructs satisfaction, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, information quality, self-efficacy, social influence, and benefits have a statistically significant effect on the behavioral intention of the students regarding the acceptance of the e-learning portal. The construct perceived ease of use has a statistical significant impact on perceived usefulness and pleasure. The construct appeal has a statistical significant impact on pleasure and satisfaction. Similarly, the construct pleasure has also a positive statistical significant impact on satisfaction. This research study contributes to the e-learning acceptance models by developing and validating the UX-based e-learning acceptance framework for sustainable higher education. The framework provides important insights for the acceptance of university based e-learning portals in the context of developing countries.
Baqar Zardari; Zahid Hussain; Aijaz Arain; Wajid Rizvi; Muhammad Vighio. Development and Validation of User Experience-Based E-Learning Acceptance Model for Sustainable Higher Education. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6201 .
AMA StyleBaqar Zardari, Zahid Hussain, Aijaz Arain, Wajid Rizvi, Muhammad Vighio. Development and Validation of User Experience-Based E-Learning Acceptance Model for Sustainable Higher Education. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaqar Zardari; Zahid Hussain; Aijaz Arain; Wajid Rizvi; Muhammad Vighio. 2021. "Development and Validation of User Experience-Based E-Learning Acceptance Model for Sustainable Higher Education." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6201.
In this study, the development of an e-learning portal for university students is presented. The portal is based on responsive web design which is accessible from anywhere, at any time and on any device. A complementary user experience evaluation methodology consisting of heuristic evaluation, usability testing, user experience questionnaire and eye tracking has been applied to get a holistic understanding and identification of the potential usability problems in the portal. The methodology highlights the relative efficacy of each method. The results suggest that the heuristic evaluation identified more usability problems than the usability testing. However, few severe usability problems were identified in the usability testing and most of them were not spotted in the heuristic evaluation. For additional insights, the participants’ objective visual responses were tracked using an eye tracker (Tobii X-30 Hz); the eye tracking data were also helpful in revealing the usability issues within the portal. The aggregated heat maps were helpful in identifying the complexity of the interface elements of the portal. The identified problems were fixed in the final version of the portal. Afterward, another usability test was carried out to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the portal. The students’ perceptions regarding both versions were also analyzed through the questionnaire. According to the results, the e-learning portal seems to be efficient and effective and the students were satisfied. The proposed methodology resulted in increasing the satisfaction of the students which can lead to the maximum utilization of the e-learning portal. It is recommended that by integrating these evaluation methods, many usability problems can be identified which can then be fixed for achieving maximum user acceptance of the e-learning portals and the similar web portals.
Baqar Ali Zardari; Zahid Hussain; Aijaz Ahmed Arain; Wajid H. Rizvi; Muhammad Saleem Vighio. QUEST e-learning portal: applying heuristic evaluation, usability testing and eye tracking. Universal Access in the Information Society 2020, 20, 531 -543.
AMA StyleBaqar Ali Zardari, Zahid Hussain, Aijaz Ahmed Arain, Wajid H. Rizvi, Muhammad Saleem Vighio. QUEST e-learning portal: applying heuristic evaluation, usability testing and eye tracking. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2020; 20 (3):531-543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaqar Ali Zardari; Zahid Hussain; Aijaz Ahmed Arain; Wajid H. Rizvi; Muhammad Saleem Vighio. 2020. "QUEST e-learning portal: applying heuristic evaluation, usability testing and eye tracking." Universal Access in the Information Society 20, no. 3: 531-543.
The use of smartphones as a learning tool in education is on the rise, causing a rapidly developing use of mobile learning (m-learning) in both developed and developing countries. The key features of smartphones, i.e., mobility, ubiquity, lightweight, low-cost and connectivity from anywhere and anytime, enhance their usage in a variety of ways. M-learning is an innovative idea that provides enormous opportunities by connecting humans and technology, such as better learning experiences and technology acceptance. The use of m-learning is growing at a higher pace worldwide, yet sufficient understanding of the factors that influence its acceptance in society is still lacking, particularly in developing countries. A number of models related to m-learning acceptance do exist, for instance, the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2); however, the use of UTAUT2 to study m-learning acceptance is scant in the context of higher education institutes and it does not cover specific features of mobile devices. Therefore, this study not only uses UTAUT2 as a base theoretical framework but also extends it using five other constructs: ubiquity, information quality, system quality, appearance quality and satisfaction. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two engineering universities in Pakistan. The questionnaire was administered among 900 students, out of which 730 usable responses were selected for further analysis. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that the model fits data well; the model fit indices were within the recommended thresholds. The performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, habit, ubiquity and satisfaction have statistically significant impact on the behavioral intention and the information quality, system quality and appearance quality also have statistically significant impact on the mediator satisfaction toward m-learning acceptance. This study contributes to the body of literature related to technology acceptance models for m-learning by making a tailored extension in UTAUT2 that provides valuable insights into assess m-learning acceptance in the context of higher education institutes of developing countries, specifically in Pakistan.
Aijaz Ahmed Arain; Zahid Hussain; Wajid H. Rizvi; Muhammad Saleem Vighio. Extending UTAUT2 toward acceptance of mobile learning in the context of higher education. Universal Access in the Information Society 2019, 18, 659 -673.
AMA StyleAijaz Ahmed Arain, Zahid Hussain, Wajid H. Rizvi, Muhammad Saleem Vighio. Extending UTAUT2 toward acceptance of mobile learning in the context of higher education. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2019; 18 (3):659-673.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAijaz Ahmed Arain; Zahid Hussain; Wajid H. Rizvi; Muhammad Saleem Vighio. 2019. "Extending UTAUT2 toward acceptance of mobile learning in the context of higher education." Universal Access in the Information Society 18, no. 3: 659-673.
This paper describes the results of the usability study that was conducted to evaluate the newly developed app for learning Chinese language. The app is developed for the people who speak and read Sindhi language which is mostly spoken in Sindh province of Pakistan. The app is designed for such people who want to visit China or want to speak basic Chinese language for daily conversational purposes. For this study, the target audience was the students of grade X aged between 16 to 17 years. The app has been evaluated through cognitive walkthrough, usability testing and a questionnaire. The results show that the app was easy to use and effective and the students were satisfied. This app can help the learners, particularly the students, for learning basic Chinese language. By using this app anywhere and at any time, the learners can gain better learning experiences as well.
Zahid Hussain; Meiyu Lu; Xiangang Qin; Muhammad Faheem. Learn Chinese in Sindhi: App Development and Evaluation. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2019, 99 -109.
AMA StyleZahid Hussain, Meiyu Lu, Xiangang Qin, Muhammad Faheem. Learn Chinese in Sindhi: App Development and Evaluation. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2019; ():99-109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZahid Hussain; Meiyu Lu; Xiangang Qin; Muhammad Faheem. 2019. "Learn Chinese in Sindhi: App Development and Evaluation." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 99-109.
In a system development process, usability evaluation is a crucial part of the process. The purpose of this paper is to test the usability of new developed application called “DARSGAH” for getting optimum outcomes from m-learning (Mobile Learning) technology. This application provides learning opportunities to University students. Initially, pilot test was conducted with 10 participants. After slight word refinement and minor changes in the application full scale usability test was conducted with other 100 participants who were selected randomly from the University by generating random numbers (student IDs) using SPSS. The data was collected using System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire immediately after the test, to obtain students’ overall perception about the application. The findings revealed that the application is user friendly, effective, and efficient and the users were satisfied as the overall average score of SUS is 84. The total task completion rate was 100 % which means that the application was very effective.
Aijaz Ahmed Arain; Zahid Hussain; Wajid H. Rizvi; Muhammad Saleem Vighio. Evaluating Usability of M-Learning Application in the Context of Higher Education Institute. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2016, 259 -268.
AMA StyleAijaz Ahmed Arain, Zahid Hussain, Wajid H. Rizvi, Muhammad Saleem Vighio. Evaluating Usability of M-Learning Application in the Context of Higher Education Institute. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2016; ():259-268.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAijaz Ahmed Arain; Zahid Hussain; Wajid H. Rizvi; Muhammad Saleem Vighio. 2016. "Evaluating Usability of M-Learning Application in the Context of Higher Education Institute." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 259-268.
This paper presents key findings about on-screen optimal line length for tablet personal computers (PCs). It examines the effects of four different line lengths on the reading speed and reading efficiency. Seventy participants ranging between the ages of 20 and 40 participated in this study. They read four different texts with an average length of 2000 characters. The texts contained substitution words, which were to be detected by the subjects to measure reading accuracy. Moreover, the subjects were asked to subjectively vote on their reading experience in the context of subjective measures like reading speed and accuracy. The results of the study revealed that 90 characters per line (CPL) were preferred by most of the participants. Nonetheless, some participants falling between the ages of 35 and 40 years preferred 60 CPL. The findings presented in this paper are quite worthwhile as the Tablet PC are extensively used for e-reading. In essence, this study suggests optimal line length for reading on screen using Tablet PC and eventually benefiting people who use Tablet PC for reading, hailing from every walk of life.
Waqas Ali Sahito; Hashim Iqbal Chunpir; Zahid Hussain; Syed Raheel Hassan; Frederik Schulte. Significance of Line Length for Tablet PC Users. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2015, 587 -596.
AMA StyleWaqas Ali Sahito, Hashim Iqbal Chunpir, Zahid Hussain, Syed Raheel Hassan, Frederik Schulte. Significance of Line Length for Tablet PC Users. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2015; ():587-596.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaqas Ali Sahito; Hashim Iqbal Chunpir; Zahid Hussain; Syed Raheel Hassan; Frederik Schulte. 2015. "Significance of Line Length for Tablet PC Users." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 587-596.