Through the latest technological and conceptual developments, the centralized cloud-computing approach has moved to structures such as edge, fog, and the Internet of Things (IoT), approaching end users. As mobile network operators (MNOs) implement the new 5G standards, enterprise computing function shifts to the edge. In parallel to interconnection topics, there is the issue of global impact over the environment. The idea is to develop IoT devices to eliminate the greenhouse effect of current applications. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the technology that has this potential, and it can be used in applications ranging from identifying a person to granting access in a building. Past studies have focused on how to improve RFID communication or to achieve maximal throughput. However, for many applications, system latency and availability are critical aspects. This paper examines, through stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), the availability, dependability, and latency of an object-identification system that uses RFID tags. Through the performed analysis, the optimal balance between latency and throughput was identified. Analyzing multiple communication scenarios revealed the availability of such a system when deployed at the edge layer.

Nowadays, high-speed interfaces are used for data transfer between Internet of Things (IoT) devices or different wearable devices. However, embedded microcontrollers are still equipped with low-speed interfaces as universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), serial peripheral interface (SPI) or inter-integrated circuit (I2C). These interfaces provide the physical layer for sending or receiving sensor data. The main advantages being the low power associated for driving the interfaces and the low price for having them as integrated peripheral in the microcontroller. Besides being a local communication interface, UART can also be used for inter-device communication (e.g. device status, sending erroneous messages, performing software update). In the previous scenarios, UART data transmission is not safe and can be prone to errors. The paper presents a framing that improves UART communication for real-time embedded devices. Beside the message frame also a message handle service is implemented such that the communication process does not interfere with the device’s real-time operation.

Eye diagram it is used in a lot of radio and telecommunication application, but it can also be used in digital signal integrity. This kind of analysis is a common indicator of performance in digital transmission systems. A crosstalk analysis using eye diagram it can be elusive, since it may involve other signals than the desired one. Also because of the way the eye diagram it is constructed it is very hard to determine the bit-stream pattern that determined the collapse of the eye diagram and increased jitter. The purpose is to show that the eye diagram can be used in analyzing crosstalk problems which appears on a parallel communication bus implemented on PCBs, by using SPICE simulator and MatLab code implementation. Based on statistics generated using eye diagram, there can be created algorithms or codes to ensure an error free transmission on a parallel high-speed link, but this belongs to another study.

There are lots of studies regarding methods of coding the information sent via a parallel data bus from inside a chip. As a result of shrinking the gadgets, the traces from an off-chip bus are getting closer, and the coupling capacitance is increasing. The traces from an off-chip bus are much longer than the ones from an on-chip bus, so a new study is necessary to analyze how crosstalk affects off-chip parallel data bus. The paper will take into account the capacitive coupling, but also the inductive coupling, which has bigger values for off-chip traces, affecting even more distant traces from the aggressor net. Additionally will be analyzed the effects of inter-symbol interference (ISI) on the crosstalk that appears between the traces of the parallel data bus. The study will show that methods used in coding theory for on-chip busses can't guarantee an error free transmission.

Instead of applying physical techniques to prevent crosstalk on off-chip parallel data buses, another approach is to code the sent information, [1]. Through developing of a crosstalk avoidance code (CAC) is possible to create a forbidden transition channel (FTC) that prevents transitions responsible for generating crosstalk, [2]. Rules used in developing a CAC can be very complex, and because of that in some papers is explained only the coding algorithm without given a description of the coder/decoder (CODEC). Some of the CAC presented in literature can have only a theoretical point of view, the physical implementation raising problems regarding the real time execution requirements of such a system [3]. In section IV of the paper is explained how the proposed CAC in [4] can be extended to code a larger bus structure and implement the CODEC. In order to compare the proposed CAC performances, were implemented other two algorithms that try to mitigate crosstalk effects ([1] and [2]). In the paper are presented not only SPICE results, but also measured results obtained on a physical off-chip parallel data bus test setup.

Internet of Things (loT) spread would not have been possible without Cloud Computing. To have small gadgets it is needed to move the processing and storage components out of the device and into Cloud. However, having all devices connected to data centers can create traffic jams and delays in accessing process data, which can pose real problems for real-time applications. A solution was to bring the resources closer to the loT devices, by creating intermediary layers as Fog and Edge Computing. Through this approach, delay issues for critical applications are solved, but other problems are rising instead. Adding more nodes in the communication chain can have a negative impact over reliability of an loT device in performing its purpose. The paper presents stochastic models to analyze the availability and reliability of RFID loT sensors when sending data to the Cloud. Through the proposed models, the components and communication topology that are having the most significant impact on the availability and reliability will be identified.