Medical gases were primarily used for respiratory therapy and anesthesia, which showed promising potential in the cancer therapy. Several physiological and pathological processes were affected by the key gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide. Oxygen targets shrinking the tumor via hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and once combined with radiation therapy it enhances its effect. Nitric oxide has both anti- and pro-tumor effects depending on its level; at high doses, it triggers cell death while at low doses it supports cancer growth. The same concept is applied to hydrogen sulfide which promotes cancer growth by enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics and supporting angiogenesis at low concentrations, while at high concentrations it induces cancer cell death while sparing normal cells. Furthermore, carbon dioxide helps induce apoptosis and improve oxygenation for cancer treatments by increasing the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Moreover, high-dose carbon monoxide gas therapy has demonstrated significant tumor reductions in vivo and is supported by nanomedicine and specialized medicines to boost its delivery to tumor cells and the availability of hydrogen peroxide. Despite the promising potentials of these gases, several challenges remain. Gas concentrations should be regulated to balance pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects for gases such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, effective delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, should be developed for targeted therapy.

Neurotrauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For instance, traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes more than 30% of all injury-related deaths in the USA annually. The underlying cause and clinical sequela vary among cases. Patients are liable to both acute and chronic changes in the nervous system after such a type of injury. Cerebrovascular disruption has the most common and serious effect in such cases because cerebrovascular autoregulation, which is one of the main determinants of cerebral perfusion pressure, can be effaced in brain injuries even in the absence of evident vascular injury. Disruption of the blood–brain barrier regulatory function may also ensue whether due to direct injury to its structure or metabolic changes. Furthermore, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be affected leading to sympathetic hyperactivity in many patients. On a cellular scale, the neuroinflammatory cascade medicated by the glial cells gets triggered in response to TBI. Nevertheless, cellular and molecular reactions involved in cerebrovascular repair are not fully understood yet. Most studies were done on animals with many drawbacks in interpreting results. Therefore, future studies including human subjects are necessarily needed. This review will be of relevance to clinicians and researchers interested in understanding the underlying mechanisms in neurotrauma cases and the development of proper therapies as well as those with a general interest in the neurotrauma field.

Age-related neurodegenerative disorders encompass a range of diseases in the central nervous system characterized by neuronal death, disrupted neural connections, altered neurotransmitter secretions, and notable features of proteinopathy. The increasing prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) highlights the need for effective therapeutic strategies. This review aims to advocate for non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), such as adopting healthy lifestyle habits, engaging in physical exercises, ensuring sufficient quality sleep, and maintaining cognitive activity, over pharmacological treatments. A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they focused on NPIs in ND treatment, were published in peer-reviewed journals, and were written in English. Compared to pharmacological options, many of the NPIs have demonstrated satisfactory clinical outcomes in delaying the progression of neurodegenerative disorders or preventing them in certain cases. Specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and Mediterranean diet, have been shown to reduce cognitive impairment while mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Regular physical exercise promotes an anti-inflammatory state and enhances the secretion of anti-stress hormones like dopamine, thereby fostering neuroplasticity. In addition, obtaining adequate quality sleep and adhering to a consistent circadian rhythm is crucial for memory consolidation and overall cognitive health. Moreover, stress management techniques, such as meditation and yoga, improve cerebral blood flow and help preserve brain structure. Cognitive training and social engagement further contribute to the delay and attenuation of neurodegeneration, thus maintaining cognitive health. Although NPIs show promise in slowing ND progression, further research is needed to validate their effectiveness.

Telemedicine is the practice of medicine virtually, by means of newly developed technology, such as computers, phones, and videos, to provide different healthcare services including diagnosis, monitoring, and consultations, mainly for patients who cannot be physically presented in the clinics and hospitals. However, there are several obstacles, that inhibit the globally widespread diffusion of telemedicine specifically in low-income countries.