Triflumezopyrim, a novel mesoionic insecticide used to control planthoppers, is a potential substitute for imidacloprid. In this study, triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid residues in rice were determined using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of both triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid was 0.01 mg kg⁻¹, and the average recovery values were 94–104% and 91–106%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.1–1.4% and 2.1–3.4% (n = 5), respectively. The consumer protection level was assessed by calculating the theoretical maximum daily intake using the reported maximum residue limits of triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid. The established method was successfully applied to 200 commercial rice samples collected from four provinces in China, and their potential public health risks were assessed using triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid residues. The risk associated with triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid dietary intake was assessed by calculating the national estimated short-term intake and the acute reference dose percentage (%ARfD). The results show that the theoretical maximum daily intake (NEDI) values of triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid in different age and gender groups were 0.219–0.543 and 0.377–0.935 μg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ bw, and the risk quotient (RQ) values were 0.188–0.467% and 0.365–0.906%, respectively. The acute reference dose (%ARfD) of triflumezopyrim and imidaclopridin ranged from 0.615 to 0.998% and from 0.481 to 0.780%, respectively.

The excitation/ionization source is one of the key parts of analytical instruments. As a novel excitation/ionization source, microplasma ionization source has excellent characteristics including small size, low weight, power consumption, and cost, simple and adjustable structure, and high dissociation capability at a low working temperature, which are beneficial for the development of miniaturized instruments for real-time and on-site analysis. This review describes the recent advances in analytical techniques based on microplasma sources for the analysis of trace gaseous, aqueous, and solid species with emphasis on atomic and mass spectrometry. Microplasma source is useful for direct detection, also is typically used in conjunction with chromatography, vapor generation, lasers, and solid-phase extraction for analyzing multiple components in a complex matrix. Finally, future prospects of microplasma excitation/ionization source in miniaturized instruments are also described.