Self-determination theory (SDT) has been widely used for studying athlete motivation. The Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), a SDT-based multidimensional scale, was recently developed to assess athlete motivation. The present research consisting of three studies aimed to develop the Chinese version of the SMS-II (CSMS-II). In Study 1, the SMS-II was translated into Chinese and then administered to university athletes (N = 267). The factorial structure of the CSMS-II was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and it was generally supported. In Study 2, the factorial and external validity of the CSMS-II were evidenced with another independent sample of athletes (N = 259). In Study 3, the test–retest reliability of the CSMS-II responses was supported. In conclusion, the CSMS-II is considered reliable and valid in general for the use with the Chinese university athletes.

This study examined the combined effects of breakfast and exercise on short-term academic and cognitive performance in adolescents. Eighty-two adolescents (64 female), aged 14–19 years, were randomized to four groups over a 4-hour morning: (i) a group who fasted and were sedentary (F-S); (ii) a group who ate breakfast but were sedentary (B-S); (iii) a group who fasted but completed a 30-min exercise bout (F-E); and (iv) a group who ate breakfast and completed a 30-min exercise bout (B-E). Individuals completed academic and cognitive tests over the morning. Adolescents in B-E significantly improved their mathematics score (B-E: 15.2% improvement on correct answers, vs. F-S: 6.7% improvement on correct answers; p = 0.014) and computation time for correct answers (B-E: 16.7% improvement, vs. F-S: 7.4% improvement; p = 0.004) over the morning compared with the F-S group. The B-E group had faster reaction times for congruent, incongruent and control trials of the Stroop Color-Word Task compared with F-S mid-morning (all p < 0.05). Morning breakfast and exercise combine to improve short-term mathematical task performance and speed in adolescents.