High-precision CO₂ emission data by sector are of great significance for formulating CO₂ emission reduction plans. This study decomposes low-precision energy consumption data from China into 149 sectors according to the high-precision input–output (I–O) table for 2017. An economic I–O life cycle assessment model, incorporating sensitivity analysis, is constructed to analyze the distribution characteristics of CO₂ emissions among sectors. Considering production, the electricity/heat production and supply sector contributed the most (51.20%) to the total direct CO₂ emissions. The top 10 sectors with the highest direct CO₂ emissions accounted for >80% of the total CO₂ emissions. From a demand-based perspective, the top 13 sectors with the highest CO₂ emissions emitted 5171.14 Mt CO₂ (59.78% of the total), primarily as indirect emissions; in particular, the housing construction sector contributed 23.97% of the total. Based on these results, promoting decarbonization of the power industry and improving energy and raw material utilization efficiencies of other production sectors are the primary emission reduction measures. Compared with low-precision models, our model can improve the precision and accuracy of analysis results and more effectively guide the formulation of emission reduction policies.