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Nowadays, old electrical and electronic gadgets are being replaced constantly by newer versions resulting in huge amounts of waste electronic and electrical products that are collectively termed e-waste. It is estimated that 95% of e-waste recycling in India is done by the informal sector at the cost of their health and the environment. Very little data and no descriptions of recycling processes in the formal sector in India were available in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the status of formal and informal e-waste recycling facilities in India. Seven authorized e-waste handling facilities in West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Delhi were visited and most were involved in dismantling work only. In all cases, metals, plastic and glass are recovered from e-waste in compliance with environmental legislation. Challenges faced by the formal sector include lack of awareness among people and very few collection centers throughout the country. Quantification of e-waste generated in India was difficult as imported second-hand electrical and electronic gadgets cannot be separated for electronic waste. There is no mechanism for collecting data regarding e-waste generation in the states or at the Central government level. It is likely that published estimates are based on the indigenous production and import of electrical and electronic goods. The current installed e-waste handling capacity of 11 × 105 tons/year of e-waste in the country is woefully inadequate and needs to be enhanced as the minimum requirement is estimated to be 22 × 105 tons/year of e-waste.
Deblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. Understanding the gap between formal and informal e-waste recycling facilities in India. Waste Management 2021, 125, 163 -171.
AMA StyleDeblina Dutta, Sudha Goel. Understanding the gap between formal and informal e-waste recycling facilities in India. Waste Management. 2021; 125 ():163-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. 2021. "Understanding the gap between formal and informal e-waste recycling facilities in India." Waste Management 125, no. : 163-171.
In comparison to extraction of metals from limited primary sources, the recycling of metals/materials from various alternative resources particularly from metallurgical waste and complex such as E-waste (Electronic waste) are gaining importance in view of energy, purity and environmental concern. In all E-waste, PCBs are essential components, which contain nearly 28% metallic, 23% plastic and 49% ceramic materials in a complex form. Due to tremendous increase in e-waste globally, the recycling of PCBs to recover metals are getting importance which will not only mitigate the environmental pollution but will also conserve the natural resources and energy. PCBs contain copper (Cu) in major, therefore experiments were carried out to optimize different process parameters viz. effect of acid concentration, pulp density, temperature, time, etc. About, 91.58% Cu was found to be leached using 3M HNO3 maintaining 75 g/L pulp density at temperature 75 °C and mixing time 120 min. The two stages leaching under the similar condition resulted in the recovery of 99.99% of Cu. To optimize the conventional hydrometallurgical process, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also studied. The result obtained by using the RSM model will help the researchers to validate the data scientifically with less number of experiments. Kinetics of Cu leaching fitted well with the “Chemical reaction control dense constant size cylindrical particles model” i.e. 1−(1−X)1/2 = Kct. The leach liquor generated will be further purified by the method of solvent extraction (SX)/ion exchange (IX) to get purified metallic solution. From the pure solution obtained, the metal/salt could be produced by electro-winning/precipitation and crystallization, respectively.
Deblina Dutta; Rekha Panda; Archana Kumari; Sudha Goel; Manis Kumar Jha. Sustainable recycling process for metals recovery from used printed circuit boards (PCBs). Sustainable Materials and Technologies 2018, 17, 1 .
AMA StyleDeblina Dutta, Rekha Panda, Archana Kumari, Sudha Goel, Manis Kumar Jha. Sustainable recycling process for metals recovery from used printed circuit boards (PCBs). Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2018; 17 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeblina Dutta; Rekha Panda; Archana Kumari; Sudha Goel; Manis Kumar Jha. 2018. "Sustainable recycling process for metals recovery from used printed circuit boards (PCBs)." Sustainable Materials and Technologies 17, no. : 1.
This study focused on isolation and identification of possible phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from the sewage‐fed East Kolkata Wetland (EKWL), a prospective water resource for pisciculture. In addition, different limnological parameters have been correlated with orthophosphate and seasonal variations. PSB have been isolated in Pikovskaya medium and identified morphologically and biochemically and finally analysed by 16S rDNA gene sequence. Limnological studies involving temperature (potentiometric), pH (potentiometric), dissolved oxygen (iodometric), ammonia‐nitrogen (spectrophotometric) and orthophosphate (spectrophotometric) concentrations were conducted. The results of this study established the presence of Bacillus megaterium, a potential PSB in EKWL. The activity of B. megaterium is also supported by the seasonal orthophosphate variations. The changes in concentration of other limnological parameters were also prominent. The water quality parameters of temperature (r = 0.886), dissolved oxygen (r = 0.729) and ammonia‐nitrogen (r = 0.396) concentrations exhibited a positive correlation with orthophosphate and a negative correlation with pH (r = −0.699). The B. megaterium obtained in this study, exhibited a significant alteration in regard to orthophosphate content and relationships with other factors. Further experiment on the soluble phosphorus solubilization potential of B. megaterium revealed the biological availability of phosphorus was increased by threefold after 120 hr of incubation, with the decreasing pH value, although the phytase activity was 0.419 U/ml. PSB have a vital function in plant nutrition in supplying phosphate, essential nutrients and its uptake results in appropriate functioning and metabolism of different aquatic plants and organisms. PSB are competent biofertilizer to amplify aquaculture production for sustainable development.
Subinoy Mondal; Smaranya Haque; Debajyoti Kundu; Deblina Dutta; Apurba Ratan Ghosh. Isolation and identification of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and distribution of orthophosphate in different seasons from sewage-fed East Kolkata Wetland. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 2018, 23, 261 -270.
AMA StyleSubinoy Mondal, Smaranya Haque, Debajyoti Kundu, Deblina Dutta, Apurba Ratan Ghosh. Isolation and identification of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and distribution of orthophosphate in different seasons from sewage-fed East Kolkata Wetland. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management. 2018; 23 (3):261-270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubinoy Mondal; Smaranya Haque; Debajyoti Kundu; Deblina Dutta; Apurba Ratan Ghosh. 2018. "Isolation and identification of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and distribution of orthophosphate in different seasons from sewage-fed East Kolkata Wetland." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 23, no. 3: 261-270.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential energy source used in advanced electronic gadgets for getting constant and continuous power supply. Huge amount of spent LIBs are generated after their end use. LIBs contain metals, organics and plastics which require proper treatment before disposal. Keeping in view of stringent environmental regulations, limited natural resources and energy crisis, adopting recycling will not only protect the environment and pacify the gap between demand and supply but also conserve the natural resources. Present paper reports a complete process for the recycling of LIBs to recover metals and materials as value added products fulfilling zero waste concept. Initially, the spent LIBs were crushed and beneficiated by wet scrubbing process to separate cathodic material, plastic and metallic fractions. The cathodic material contained 20% Co and 2.4% Li along with other impurities (Mn, Fe, Cu). The cathodic material obtained from different LIBs were homogenized and put to leaching studies to optimize various process parameters viz. effect of leachant concentration, temperature, time, etc. About 97% Co and 99.99% Li were leached using 2M H2SO4 and 10% H2O2 at room temperature, in 2 h maintaining pulp density 75 g/L. Kinetics for leaching of Co fitted well with “Chemical reaction control dense constant size cylindrical particles model”, i.e. 1-(1-X)1/2 = Kct. The leach liquor obtained was further processed to recover Mn and Fe using (NH4)2S2O8 as a precipitant whereas 99.99% Cu was extracted using LIX 84 IC at eq. pH 2, O/A ratio 1/1 and mixing time 5 min. Further, from the leach liquor depleted with Mn, Fe and Cu, ∼98% Co was extracted using 20% Cyanex 272 at pH 4.8 in 10 min maintaining phase ratio (O/A) 1/1 in two stages, leaving Li in the raffinate. From the pure Co solution, value added products as metal and salt were produced using electrowinning/ evaporation/ precipitation techniques. The TCLP test of leached residue shows the presence of metals within permissible limit and the effluent generated was treated in an effluent treatment plant (ETP) with standard procedure and recycled to the system. The developed clean process is economical as well as environment friendly and has potential to be translated in industry after scale-up studies.
Deblina Dutta; Archana Kumari; Rekha Panda; Soni Jha; Divika Gupta; Sudha Goel; Manis Kumar Jha. Close loop separation process for the recovery of Co, Cu, Mn, Fe and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries. Separation and Purification Technology 2018, 200, 327 -334.
AMA StyleDeblina Dutta, Archana Kumari, Rekha Panda, Soni Jha, Divika Gupta, Sudha Goel, Manis Kumar Jha. Close loop separation process for the recovery of Co, Cu, Mn, Fe and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries. Separation and Purification Technology. 2018; 200 ():327-334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeblina Dutta; Archana Kumari; Rekha Panda; Soni Jha; Divika Gupta; Sudha Goel; Manis Kumar Jha. 2018. "Close loop separation process for the recovery of Co, Cu, Mn, Fe and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries." Separation and Purification Technology 200, no. : 327-334.
Present work is focused on the recovery of Mn as a value added product from the leach liquor of scrap lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) of mobile phones by the method of precipitation. The LIBs were crushed and beneficiated by wet scrubbing method to separate cathodic material, plastic and metallic parts. The cathodic material was found to contain 11.3% Mn, 10% Co, 2.4% Cu and 2.4% Li. The cathodic material was processed for leaching under the optimized condition developed by our group at CSIR-NML. Solvent extraction method was used to extract acid using organic extractant Tris(2-ethylhexyl)amine (TEHA) in order to reduce the consumption of alkali required during precipitation studies. The acid free leach liquor was subjected to purification for removal of Fe, Li, Cu and Co as precipitate at different pH. Systematic precipitation studies were carried in batch and continuous mode to recover Mn as Mn(OH)2 at pH ~10 which was further roasted at 450 °C for 4 h to get pure Mn3O4.
Deblina Dutta; Rekha Panda; Manis Kumar Jha; Sudha Goel. Recovery of Manganese from Scrap Batteries of Mobile Phones. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago 2018, 175 -183.
AMA StyleDeblina Dutta, Rekha Panda, Manis Kumar Jha, Sudha Goel. Recovery of Manganese from Scrap Batteries of Mobile Phones. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago. 2018; ():175-183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeblina Dutta; Rekha Panda; Manis Kumar Jha; Sudha Goel. 2018. "Recovery of Manganese from Scrap Batteries of Mobile Phones." Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago , no. : 175-183.
Solid waste, thrown away in our surroundings and heaped on Mother Earth every day, is a by-product of civilization. Waste has irritated civilization for thousands of years. With rapid growth in world population, industrial revolution and greater consumerism, the amount of waste generated has grown exponentially. Thus, both economic development and population increase have contributed to the rising volumes of waste. In the last few decades, with greater ease in the movement of money, goods and population, generation and consumption of goods has increased resulting in increased production of waste materials. Generation of wastes is an indication of inefficient use of resources, making products less valuable. From a scientific viewpoint, waste management requires consideration of the waste and the type of place where the waste has originated.
Deblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Solid Waste Management – A Review. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 2017, 133 -151.
AMA StyleDeblina Dutta, Sudha Goel. Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Solid Waste Management – A Review. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. 2017; ():133-151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. 2017. "Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Solid Waste Management – A Review." Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management , no. : 133-151.
With the beginning of this millennium, the world has been struggling to deal with increasing quantities of solid waste. Rapid advancement in technology, especially the production of electrical and electronic goods has resulted in a new stream of waste known as electrical and electronic waste making it the fastest growing waste stream in the world. Equipment at the end-of-life (EOL) leads to e-waste generation in huge amounts. Increasing obsolescence rates of electrical and electronic equipment result in higher e-waste generation rates leading to disposal problems. E-waste, if managed improperly or inadequately, can cause enormous impact on the global environment as well as on human health.
Deblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Generation and Management. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 2017, 249 -266.
AMA StyleDeblina Dutta, Sudha Goel. Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Generation and Management. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. 2017; ():249-266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. 2017. "Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Generation and Management." Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management , no. : 249-266.
While a large number of organisms are involved in the degradation of solid waste, microbes or micro-organisms constitute the biggest group. Other than vermi-composting, all bioprocesses for solid waste treatment are designed based on microbes, mostly bacteria and fungi. Microbes are defined as microscopic organisms that individually are too small to be seen by the naked human eye.
Tandra Mohanta; Deblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. Fundamentals of Microbiology. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 2017, 301 -321.
AMA StyleTandra Mohanta, Deblina Dutta, Sudha Goel. Fundamentals of Microbiology. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. 2017; ():301-321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTandra Mohanta; Deblina Dutta; Sudha Goel. 2017. "Fundamentals of Microbiology." Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management , no. : 301-321.
Upgradation and advancement in every field related to mankind leads to the origin of a contaminated environment. Development in science and technology enabled humans to combat the rate of contaminants by using biological agents, commonly known as bioremediation. The chapter deals with the different species of bioremediation agents viz. bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, animals and organic wastes to treat diverse environmental pollution. The extent of environmental bioremediation encompasses inorganic viz. arsenic, chromium, mercury, cyanide etc. and organics viz. Hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides etc. Thus, the reasons for the control of water and soil by considering bioremediation are concern on public health, protection of environment, and cost reduction of decontamination. Different case studies have been demonstrated herein to understand the enigmatic process and evaluate practical efficacy of the environment to decontaminate itself by the presence of various biological organisms.
Debajyoti Kundu; Deblina Dutta; Subinoy Mondal; Smaranya Haque; Jatindra Nath Bhakta; Bana Behari Jana. Application of Potential Biological Agents in Green Bioremediation Technology. Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies 2017, 300 -323.
AMA StyleDebajyoti Kundu, Deblina Dutta, Subinoy Mondal, Smaranya Haque, Jatindra Nath Bhakta, Bana Behari Jana. Application of Potential Biological Agents in Green Bioremediation Technology. Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. 2017; ():300-323.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDebajyoti Kundu; Deblina Dutta; Subinoy Mondal; Smaranya Haque; Jatindra Nath Bhakta; Bana Behari Jana. 2017. "Application of Potential Biological Agents in Green Bioremediation Technology." Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies , no. : 300-323.