Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a potential solution to face the global energy crisis and climate change issues in the transportation sector. Currently, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have gained popularity as a source of energy in EVs, owing to several benefits including higher power density. To compete with internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles, the capacity of Li-ion batteries is continuously increasing to improve the efficiency and reliability of EVs. The performance characteristics and safe operations of Li-ion batteries depend on their operating temperature which demands the effective thermal management of Li-ion batteries. The commercially employed cooling strategies have several obstructions to enable the desired thermal management of high-power density batteries with allowable maximum temperature and symmetrical temperature distribution. The efforts are striving in the direction of searching for advanced cooling strategies which could eliminate the limitations of current cooling strategies and be employed in next-generation battery thermal management systems. The present review summarizes numerous research studies that explore advanced cooling strategies for battery thermal management in EVs. Research studies on phase change material cooling and direct liquid cooling for battery thermal management are comprehensively reviewed over the time period of 2018–2023. This review discusses the various experimental and numerical works executed to date on battery thermal management based on the aforementioned cooling strategies. Considering the practical feasibility and drawbacks of phase change material cooling, the focus of the present review is tilted toward the explanation of current research works on direct liquid cooling as an emerging battery thermal management technique. Direct liquid cooling has the potential to achieve the desired battery performance under normal as well as extreme operating conditions. However, extensive research still needs to be executed to commercialize direct liquid cooling as an advanced battery thermal management technique in EVs. The present review would be referred to as one that gives concrete direction in the search for a suitable advanced cooling strategy for battery thermal management in the next generation of EVs.

In this study, a multi-objective optimization framework based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed for an inlet perforated distributor plate in a 24S24P 10 kWh cylindrical lithium-ion battery module using immersion cooling. A combined Newman, Tiedeman, Gu and Kim with Computational Fluid Dynamics (NTGK-CFD) model was used to generate a symmetrically designed space by varying the input variables, including hole size A (mm), hole spacing ΔH (mm), and coolant mass flow rate V_in (kg/s). A three-level full factorial design was used to generate 27 cases, then CFD simulations were performed to provide a training data for the ANN model to predict the output variables, including maximum temperature T_max, maximum temperature difference ΔT_max, and pressure drop ΔP. The results show that the ANN model provides a reliable predictive model, capable of reproducing the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the immersion-cooled battery module with high fidelity via correlation coefficients R of 0.997 for all three output variables. In addition, Pareto-based optimization shows designs that balance cooling efficiency and pumping power. The selected optimal solution maintains T_max within the optimal range at 37.97 °C while reducing ΔP by up to 44%, providing a practical solution for large-scale battery module thermal management in EVs.

The objective of this study is to investigate the energy savings and economics of the hot water supply system for the luxury resort. The hot water was generated using the waste heat from the exhaust gas heat (EGH) of internal combustion engine (ICE) installed at the luxury resort. The capacity and characteristics of waste heat source, flow demand and supply system of hot water were surveyed, and data is collected from the real system. The new heat exchanger system which utilizes the EGH to produce the hot water is designed considering the dew point temperature and the back pressure of exhaust gas system. The results show that the proposed system could supply hot water at a temperature of 55 °C corresponding to the present resort demand of 6 m³/h using EGH of ICE at 20% load. The proposed system could achieve the saving of 400 L/day in diesel oil (DO) fuel consumption and the payback time of new system could be evaluated as 9 months. The proposed system could produce hot water of 14 m³/h at 25% of engine load and 29 m³/h at full engine load which are sufficient to satisfy the regular and maximum hot water demand of resort. The presented results show the capability of the proposed system to satisfy the current hot water demand of resort and suggest the larger potential to save energy by recovering EGH of ICE. The novelty of the present work involves detailed methodology to design heat exchangers and evaluate system economics for hot water supply system based on EGH of ICE.

Efficient thermal management is essential for maintaining the reliability, durability, and power density of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) used in electric vehicles (EVs). In this study, a combined direct–indirect cooling system (CDICS) was evaluated using multi-objective optimization to identify a constrained compromise between maximum component temperatures and ideal hydraulic pumping power. A three-dimensional CFD model was established to resolve conjugate heat transfer and oil–air two-phase flow within the proposed cooling configuration. The model was compared with winding temperature measurements obtained from motor dynamometer tests under two operating conditions, showing absolute CFD-measurement differences of 0.37 K and 0.50 K, respectively. Nozzle diameter (D_n), coolant volume flow rate (Q_in), and inlet oil temperature (T_in) were selected as the primary design and operating variables for optimizing the thermo-hydraulic performance of the proposed cooling system. Discrete-grid maximin space-filling design was used to generate 30 CFD design cases, which were used to develop artificial neural network (ANN) surrogate models for bounded interpolation within the investigated design space. The models showed close agreement with the available CFD data, with R² values of 0.9976–0.9994 for the six holdout cases. These values are interpreted as indicators of interpolation performance rather than evidence of universal generalization. The trained surrogate models were coupled with NSGA-II and TOPSIS to identify the optimal thermo-hydraulic compromise. The selected constrained compromise design within the investigated design space was D_n = 1.7 mm, Q_in = 16.59 LPM, and T_in = 15.0 °C. The selected condition yielded CFD-predicted maximum stator, winding, and housing temperatures of 107.5 °C, 109.8 °C, and 65.0 °C, respectively, with an ideal hydraulic pumping power of 20.0 W. Relative to the reconciled reference baseline, the maximum stator, winding, and housing temperatures differed nominally by <0.1 K, 0.3 K, and 1.5 K, respectively. Because these differences were smaller than the corresponding 1.98–2.29 K variations observed in the single-point laminar-SST comparison, all three temperature predictions were considered numerically comparable within the assessed model sensitivity rather than established thermal improvements. The CFD-estimated ideal hydraulic pumping power decreased by 9.0 W (31.0%). Because the baseline and selected conditions differed in both coolant flow rate and inlet temperature, and chiller and other auxiliary energy requirements were excluded, this value does not represent total cooling system energy savings.

Năng lượng mặt trời được xem là nguồn năng lượng tái tạo và được ứng dụng nhiều trong công nghiệp và đời sống. Bài báo này trình bày kết quả tính toán thiết kế, chế tạo thiết bị chưng cất nước, sử dụng nguồn năng lượng mặt trời để gia nhiệt nước biển, kết hợp với quá trình phun bay hơi để thu nhận nước ngọt, hướng đến ứng dụng cho các vùng bị xâm nhập mặn. Thiết bị gồm tấm thu năng lượng mặt trời có diện tích 2 m2, bình gia nhiệt có dung tích 15 lít, buồng phun có D x H = 52 x 65cm, áp suất phun p = 3bar, bộ ngưng tụ dạng ống xoắn có đường kính d = 6mm, l = 5m. Kết quả vận hành thử nghiệm cho thấy trong khoảng thời gian từ 8 giờ –16 giờ, cường độ bức xạ đo được từ 300 – 1200 W/m2, lượng nước ngọt thu được từ 0,5 - 1,12 lít/h, lượng điện tiêu thụ trung bình 0,433 kWh/lít. Kết quả nghiên cứu mở ra hướng thiết kế chế tạo thiết bị chưng cất nước ở nhiệt độ không cần đun sôi và việc kết hợp với năng lượng tái tạo để tiết kiệm năng lượng.

Nước ngọt sử dụng cho sinh hoạt và tưới tiêu tại các vùng bị xâm nhập mặn, vùng ven biển và hải đảo là vấn đề được nhiều người quan tâm hiện nay. Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu thử nghiệm sản xuất nước ngọt từ nước biển bằng phương pháp phun sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy trong khoảng thời gian từ 8 giờ –16 giờ, cường độ bức xạ đo được từ 300 – 1200 W/m2, diện tích tấm thu năng lượng mặt trời là 2 m2, lượng nước ngọt thu được từ 0,5 - 1,12 lít/h, lượng điện tiêu thụ trung bình 0,433 kWh/lít. Kết quả thực nghiệm này đã mở ra hướng nghiên cứu sản xuất nước ngọt từ nước biển sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời nhằm giảm chi phí nước ngọt ở các vùng bị nhiễm mặn. Từ khóa: Năng lượng mặt trời, buồng phun bay hơi, khử mặn, chưng cất nước. ABSTRACT Today, many people are concerned about the water used for living and irrigation in salty areas, coastal areas and islands. The article presents the results of the experimental research on the production of fresh water from seawater by spraying using solar energy. The research results show that in the period from 8 to 16 hours, the radiation intensity measured from 300 - 1200 W/m2, the solar collector area is 2 m2, the amount of fresh water obtained is from 0.5 – 1.12 liters/h, the average electricity consumption is 0.433 kWh/liter. This experimental result suggests the research on the production of fresh water from salt water using solar energy to reduce the cost of fresh water in salty areas. Keywords: Solar energy, spraying evaporation chamber, desalination, water distillation.