Nine pyrrole alkaloids were isolated from the wild mushroom Lentinula edodes for the first time. Their structures were determined by multiple methods. The novel compound 1 exhibited cytotoxicity against SMMC-772 without any cytotoxic effect on LO2.

Psoriasis, an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder, seriously affects the quality of life of nearly four percent of the world population. Euphorbia helioscopia L. is the monarch constituent of Chinese ZeQi powder preparation for psoriasis, so it is necessary to illustrate its active ingredients. Thus, twenty-three diterpenoids, including seven new ones, were isolated from the whole herb of E. helioscopia L. Compounds 1 and 2, each featuring a 2,3-dicarboxylic functionality, are the first examples in the ent-2,3-sceo-atisane or the ent-2,3-sceo-abietane family. Extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR, and HRMS data) and computational methods were used to confirm their structures and absolute configurations. According to the previous study and NMR data from the jatropha diterpenes obtained in this study, some efficient ¹H NMR spectroscopic rules for assigning the relative configurations of 3α-benzyloxy-jatroph-11E-ene and 7,8-seco-3α-benzyloxy-jatropha-11E-ene were summarized. Moreover, the hyperproliferation of T cells and keratinocytes is considered a key pathophysiology of psoriasis. Anti-proliferative activities against induced T/B lymphocytes and HaCaT cells were tested, and IC₅₀ values of some compounds ranged from 6.7 to 31.5 μM. Compounds 7 and 11 reduced the secretions of IFN-γ and IL-2 significantly. Further immunofluorescence experiments and a docking study with NF-κB P65 showed that compound 13 interfered with the proliferation of HaCaT cells by inhibiting the NF-κB P65 phosphorylation at the protein level.

The genus Xylaria is a promising source of bioactive compounds. This study examined the diversity of secondary metabolites (SMs) in Xylaria longipes under three fermentation conditions, resulting in the isolation of 14 new SMs and 27 known ones. The structures, including absolute configurations, were determined using NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS analysis, and computational methods (ECD, ¹³C NMR data, and optical rotation). A comprehensive library of SMs was established, enabling metabolomics-wide association studies that identified culture conditions as a key factor influencing SM production. This compound library also facilitates the determination of absolute configurations for diplosporins by analyzing J values and CD trends. Anti-proliferative tests against induced T/B lymphocytes and HaCaT cells revealed that over half of the compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity, with compounds 2, 15, and 32 reducing IFN-γ secretion. Compound 32 demonstrated promising anti-psoriatic effects by inhibiting NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in HaCaT cells. This initial systematic chemical study of X. longipes under different conditions provides insights into structure–activity relationships.

Four new compounds were isolated from G. nutans. Compounds 1–2 are two rare monoterpene indole alkaloids with the glucosyl moiety located at C-12 and represent the first two examples of enantiomer of ajmaline type monoterpene indole alkaloids.