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Paul T. Yillia is a research scholar with the Water Security Research Group (WAT) at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Previously, he was Lead Policy Specialist at Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), leading and undertaking several key actions to incorporate the Water-Energy Nexus within the overall SEforALL Global Action Agenda and supporting the overall operational process to guide countries align their energy policy/plans with the SDGs. Dr Yillia is a visiting scholar at Vienna University of Technology, where he previously held a full-time position as Research and Teaching Scholar, supporting applied research and exchange of knowledge and skills on water science and technology, especially with developing countries and countries in transition. Prior to that, he undertook various assignments in the Netherlands with UNESCO-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, UNDP Cap-Net, University of Sierra Leone and Egerton University where he held various research and capacity building responsibilities within the framework of international development co-operation. He has undertaken several consultancy assignments with various governments and international organizations, including UNOPS, UNF,UN-Water, UN-Enviroment, FAO, UNDESA, UNESCO and UNIDO.
This study examines supply-side and demand-side drivers of municipal water supply and describes how they interact to impact energy input for municipal water supply in Africa. Several key compound indicators were parameterized to generate cluster centers using k-means cluster analysis for 52 countries in Africa to show the impact of water supply–demand drivers on municipal water supply and associated energy input. The cluster analysis produced impact scores with five cluster centers that grouped countries with similar key compound indicators and impact scores. Three countries (Gambia, Libya, & Mauritius) were classified as outliers. Libya presented a unique case with the highest impact score on energy input for raw water abstraction, associated with largescale pumping from deep groundwater aquifers. Multivariate analysis of the key indicators for 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that are either water-secure or water-stressed illustrate the relative impact of drivers on energy input for municipal water supply. The analytical framework developed presents an approach to assessing the impact of drivers on energy input for municipal water supply, and the findings could be used to support planning processes to build resilient drinking water infrastructure in developing countries with data challenges.
Pauline Macharia; Maria Wirth; Paul Yillia; Norbert Kreuzinger. Examining the Relative Impact of Drivers on Energy Input for Municipal Water Supply in Africa. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8480 .
AMA StylePauline Macharia, Maria Wirth, Paul Yillia, Norbert Kreuzinger. Examining the Relative Impact of Drivers on Energy Input for Municipal Water Supply in Africa. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8480.
Chicago/Turabian StylePauline Macharia; Maria Wirth; Paul Yillia; Norbert Kreuzinger. 2021. "Examining the Relative Impact of Drivers on Energy Input for Municipal Water Supply in Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8480.
This study examined the current state of water demand and associated energy input for water supply against a projected increase in water demand in sub-Saharan Africa. Three plausible scenarios, namely, Current State Extends (CSE), Current State Improves (CSI) and Current State Deteriorates (CSD) were developed and applied using nine quantifiable indicators for water demand projections and the associated impact on energy input for water supply for five Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Kenya to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach based on real data in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the daily per capita water-use in the service area of four of the five WSPs was below minimum daily requirement of 50 L/p/d. Further, non-revenue water losses were up to three times higher than the regulated benchmark (range 26–63%). Calculations showed a leakage reduction potential of up to 70% and energy savings of up to 12 MWh/a. The projected water demand is expected to increase by at least twelve times the current demand to achieve universal coverage and an average daily per capita consumption of 120 L/p/d for the urban population by 2030. Consequently, the energy input could increase almost twelve-folds with the CSI scenario or up to fifty-folds with the CSE scenario for WSPs where desalination or additional groundwater abstraction is proposed. The approach used can be applied for other WSPs which are experiencing a similar evolution of their water supply and demand drivers in sub-Saharan Africa. WSPs in the sub-region should explore aggressive strategies to jointly address persistent water losses and associated energy input. This would reduce the current water supply-demand gap and minimize the energy input that will be associated with exploring additional water sources that are typically energy intensive.
Pauline Macharia; Nzula Kitaka; Paul Yillia; Norbert Kreuzinger. Assessing Future Water Demand and Associated Energy Input with Plausible Scenarios for Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energies 2021, 14, 2169 .
AMA StylePauline Macharia, Nzula Kitaka, Paul Yillia, Norbert Kreuzinger. Assessing Future Water Demand and Associated Energy Input with Plausible Scenarios for Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energies. 2021; 14 (8):2169.
Chicago/Turabian StylePauline Macharia; Nzula Kitaka; Paul Yillia; Norbert Kreuzinger. 2021. "Assessing Future Water Demand and Associated Energy Input with Plausible Scenarios for Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa." Energies 14, no. 8: 2169.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the deadly respiratory disease called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global public health emergency that has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. We review literature on the transmission and control of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the challenges of focusing on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) as critical control measures in low-income countries. A significantly higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related deaths has been reported for the United States of America and other high-income countries in Europe and Asia, regardless of advanced medical facilities in those countries. In contrast, much lower COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality rates have been documented in many low-income countries, despite having comparatively higher socioeconomic burdens and suboptimal medical facilities. By September 29, 2020 over one million deaths have been reported. On the same day, the cumulative total of COVID-19 related morbidity for Africa was 35,954 with 3.5% of the global COVID-19 related deaths. We present arguments for the relatively low COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates in many low-income countries and discuss the critical importance of WASH for preventing the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. We observe that the key recommendations put forward by the World Health Organization to effectively control the pandemic have been difficult to implement in low-income countries. We conclude that the pandemic reinforces previous pronouncements that adequate and effective WASH measures are crucial for public health and recommend closer coordination between public health and WASH sectors.
Oscar Omondi Donde; Evans Atoni; Anastasia Wairimu Muia; Paul T. Yillia. COVID-19 pandemic: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) as a critical control measure remains a major challenge in low-income countries. Water Research 2020, 191, 116793 -116793.
AMA StyleOscar Omondi Donde, Evans Atoni, Anastasia Wairimu Muia, Paul T. Yillia. COVID-19 pandemic: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) as a critical control measure remains a major challenge in low-income countries. Water Research. 2020; 191 ():116793-116793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOscar Omondi Donde; Evans Atoni; Anastasia Wairimu Muia; Paul T. Yillia. 2020. "COVID-19 pandemic: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) as a critical control measure remains a major challenge in low-income countries." Water Research 191, no. : 116793-116793.