This study investigates current research trends in co-production studies and discusses conceptual approaches. The conceptual paper contains studies on co-production in the field of public administration. This study identifies significant gaps in the field of study by systematically examining 32 co-production research works. The study’s contributions include (1) defining two common characteristics of co-production, (2) classifying three forms of co-production by end-users, and (3) discovering that the aims and performance of co-production are more effective for service providers when the strategy is citizen-centric. Future research should (1) concentrate on the reasons for co-production failures or successes, (2) identify additional barriers to co-production in service production, (3) investigate influences on service providers as well as structural impacts on the co-production process, and (4) provide practical assessments of co-production research.

The stock markets in developing countries are highly responsive to breaking news and events. Our research explores the impact of economic conditions, financial policies, and politics on the KSE-100 index through daily market news signals. Utilizing simple OLS regression and ARCH/GARCH regression methods, we determine the best model for analysis. The results reveal that political and global news has a significant impact on KSE-100 index. Blue chip stocks are considered safer investments, while short-term panic responses often overshadow rational decision-making in the stock market. Investors tend to quickly react to negative news, making them risk-averse. Our findings suggest that the ARCH/GARCH models are better at predicting stock market fluctuations compared to the simple OLS method.

The purpose of this study is to explore conceptual approaches in co-production studies and to examine current research trends of the study. The conceptual paper includes research articles related to co-production in public administration field. By thoroughly scrutinizing 32 research works of co-production, this study highlights major loopholes in the field of the study. The contributions of the study are: (1) identifying two common characteristics of co-production, (2) categorising three types of co-producing by end-users, and (3) finding that goals and success of co-production are more beneficial for service providers though its initial approach is citizen-centric approach. We suggest that future studies should be (1) to focus on reasons for co-production failures or success, (2) to discover further hindrances for co-production in service production, (3) to examine influencing factors on service providers as well as institutional impacts on co-production process, and (4) to include practical assessment in co-production study.

This study will investigate different signals and events/news that determined the stock market's movements. As we know, many factors affect the stock market on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, e.g., rate of interest, exchange rate, and oil prices, etc. Our research will investigate the impact of daily events/news in the KSE-100 index due to several policies announced and events/news in the country because the daily movements in the stock market can be determined only by different signals and events/news. Time series data is collected daily for particular reasons from "The News" (Daily Newspaper, Sunday edition) from 2010 to 2019. The results of this study show that political and global news affects the stock market index ferociously. For investors, the investment in blue chips is not less than a safe haven. When day-to-day transactions are concerned, there is always a higher panic attack than the herd behaviour in the stock exchange. Investors tend to make prompt responses to negative rather than positive news, which makes them risk averters. Our finding also confirmed that the ARCH/GARCH model is better than the simple OLS method concerning stock market upheaval.