Adolescent resilience after a disaster has been shown to be a protective factor against loss, trauma, and psychological distress. Its importance for successful disaster recovery is widely accepted by disaster risk management professionals, yet very few tools are available to assess adolescent resilience during an emergency or after a natural disaster has occurred. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire designed to measure adolescents' resilience before, during or after a natural disaster. This mixed method study was carried out in three phases involving item generation, systematic review (phase one), qualitative analysis (phase two) and the reduction of items (phase three). The psychometric evaluation of the Adolescents' Resilience in Disaster Tool (ARDT) was conducted using the data from 599 high school students North of Iran (Golestan Province). The initial item pool included 80 items that were reduced to 37 after assessment of validity (face, content and structure) and reliability. Exploratory Factor Analysis found five factors that affect adolescents' resilience which included helping, trusting in God and hopefulness, adaptability, self-confidence and social support. The internal consistency was desirable (α = .86 and ICC = .91; 95% CI: .849 to .948). The psychometric support for the 37-item version of the ARDT in this study indicates strong support for the ARDT-Q37 as a rapid assessment tool to evaluate resilience in adolescents aged 12-18 years old. Identifying the status of adolescents' resilience and determining their level of need for intervention during and after a natural disaster is critical for long- and short-term outcomes. Implications for policy makers and professionals involved in the preparedness, response and recovery from natural disasters are discussed.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: School resilience is defined as risk-reducing strategies used to create a safe environment for students when faced natural disasters. Resilient schools, in addition to their educational role, provide a suitable capacity for responding to disasters and rehabilitation after the incidence. This study determined the level of disaster resilience of schools in Yazd, central Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted among 400 schools and 367 participants in Yazd, 2018. To collect data, we used the school resilience in disasters questionnaire (α =0.95 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97 [95% confidence interval: 0.96–0.98]) containing 48 questions. We also analyzed the gleaned data through the Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, and independent t -test. RESULTS: The total score of school disaster resilience was 153.30 ± 29.57. In these schools, the function had the highest (47.76 ± 13.96), and safety had the lowest (6.74 ± 3.18) score among all areas of school disaster resilience. There was a positive significant correlation between total resilience and areas of function, education, structural, nonstructural, architecture, commute routes, safety, location, and equipment ( P < 0.001). Location had the smallest ( r = 0.424) and function had the greatest ( r = 0.854) correlation with total resilience. CONCLUSION: It can help the school management board in assessing the level of resilience of their school and determining the priorities for disaster risk reduction. Awareness of the status of resilience can help policy-makers and experts create an effective program for increasing resilience.

Background: In addition to their educational role, resilient schools have a good capacity in response to disasters. Due to the large student population, the schools can be a safe and secure environment during disasters, in addition to maintaining their performance after. Given the role and importance of the schools, the impact of culture and environment on resilience, without any indigenous and comprehensive tool for measuring the resilience in Iran, the study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate the measurement tools. Method: This study was conducted using a mixed-method sequential explanatory approach. The research was conducted in two main phases of production on items based on hybrid model and the psychometric evaluation of the tool. The second phase included validity (formal, content and construction) and reliability (multiplex internal similarity, consistency and reliability). Result: The integration of systematic and qualitative steps resulted in entering 91 items into the pool of items. After formal and content validity, 73 items remained and 44 were omitted in exploratory factor analysis. A questionnaire with 5 factors explained 52.08% of total variance. Finally, after the confirmatory factor analysis, the questionnaire was extracted with 29 questions and 5 factors including "functional", "architectural", "equipment", "education" and "safety". Internal similarity and stability in all factors were evaluated as good. Conclusion: The result showed that the 29-item questionnaire of school resilience in emergencies and disasters is valid and reliable, that can be used to evaluate school resilience. On the other hand, the questionnaire on assessment of school resilience in disasters enables intervention to improve its capacity.

Background: Schools, as social infrastructure and an integral part of society, play an essential role in creating the resilience of the community to natural disasters. This study aims to systematically review and identify and categorize the components affecting schools’ resilience against emergencies and disasters. Materials and Methods: Without any time ...

Background: The annual religious ritual of Arba’een is the global largest mass gathering of pilgrims from different countries participating in a mass movement on an 80-km pathway to visit the Shrine of Imam Hussein, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad. The provision of health care for such a mass movement has always been an important vital issue for the health care system. Objectives: The current study investigated the common illnesses in addition to the quantity of health care services offered by temporary clinics and health stations located on the way to the shrine to such a mass gathering of on-feet pilgrims in Iraq in Arba’een 2019. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at temporary clinics and health stations where pilgrims in need of nursing, midwifery, and pharmaceutical care were provided with services by general and expert physicians on the way from Najaf to Karbala in Iraq during a week in October 2019. Results: Imam Reza Temporary Clinic offered services to a total of 26,875 patients, including 9,934 females (36.96%) and 16,941 males (63.04%), on all days of the week. The most common chief complaint reported by the patients were musculoskeletal problems (n=11,945; 21.99%), foot blisters (n=11,372; 20.94%), and skin lesions (n=10,662; 19.62%). Conclusions: The present study highlighted the need for providing more organized services, especially in emergency health care, and necessity of paying further and closer attention to the significance of the health history of those pilgrims attending such religious mass gatherings in previous years.