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James Westerman
Department of Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA

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Essay
Published: 07 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The Human Resource (HR) function is often viewed by those in organizations as a process function and a cost-center, which results in an enhanced risk of outsourcing and automation. However, HR is also uniquely positioned to engage firms in cross-functional transformational change efforts, as its work is embedded in every business function within an organization. Sustainable HR and the triple bottom line (TBL) present opportunities for HR to build a strategic role within organizations. This essay provides strategic and tactical models, with specific steps for implementation, to assist HR in re-assert its role in driving the competitiveness of the firm through Sustainable HR.

ACS Style

James Westerman. A Sustainable Plan to Rescue HR from Itself. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7587 .

AMA Style

James Westerman. A Sustainable Plan to Rescue HR from Itself. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Westerman. 2021. "A Sustainable Plan to Rescue HR from Itself." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7587.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Sustainability
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How we effectively train our future business leaders is critical to the success of the implementation of the SDGs. Higher education will play a central role in this effort. This research examines business student support for environmentally oriented organizational strategy (“green strategy”) and human resource management policies and practices (“green hrm”) in comparison with sustainable development (SD) students to explore the barriers facing the education of our future business leaders on the SDGs. We explore whether student political orientation, gender, or authoritarianism are associated with different levels of support within each discipline. We also examine whether business students prioritize the same UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as SD students. Results (n = 281) indicate that business students (particularly those who are male, conservative, or authoritarian) are less supportive of green strategy and green HR than SD students. However, business student support of prosperity/people-oriented SDGs offers a potential avenue for progress.

ACS Style

James Westerman; Lubna Nafees; Jennifer Westerman. Cultivating Support for the Sustainable Development Goals, Green Strategy and Human Resource Management Practices in Future Business Leaders: The Role of Individual Differences and Academic Training. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6569 .

AMA Style

James Westerman, Lubna Nafees, Jennifer Westerman. Cultivating Support for the Sustainable Development Goals, Green Strategy and Human Resource Management Practices in Future Business Leaders: The Role of Individual Differences and Academic Training. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Westerman; Lubna Nafees; Jennifer Westerman. 2021. "Cultivating Support for the Sustainable Development Goals, Green Strategy and Human Resource Management Practices in Future Business Leaders: The Role of Individual Differences and Academic Training." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6569.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2018 in Journal of Vocational Behavior
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Job seekers are beginning to place greater emphasis on the contributions organizations make to society before deciding where to work (Nielsen, 2014). In the present research, role theory, media richness theory, and theories employed in the organizational attractiveness literature were integrated to examine the impact of employers' online advertisement of different types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on organizational attractiveness. Mock corporate websites and Facebook profiles were created and presented to a sample of 850 United States business professionals. Organizations advertising philanthropic or environmental CSR were perceived to be more socially responsible than organizations advertising economic or legal CSR. With the exception of environmental CSR, the advertisement of all types of CSR resulted in more positive global CSR perceptions when presented on a Facebook profile in addition to a corporate website. In turn, global CSR perceptions were positively related to organizational attractiveness, and the joint effects of CSR information and presentation medium on organizational attractiveness operated through individuals' global CSR perceptions. Conscientiousness was also positively related to organizational attractiveness, in part due to individuals' global CSR perceptions.

ACS Style

Casher D. Belinda; James W. Westerman; Shawn M. Bergman. Recruiting with ethics in an online era: Integrating corporate social responsibility with social media to predict organizational attractiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior 2018, 109, 101 -117.

AMA Style

Casher D. Belinda, James W. Westerman, Shawn M. Bergman. Recruiting with ethics in an online era: Integrating corporate social responsibility with social media to predict organizational attractiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2018; 109 ():101-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Casher D. Belinda; James W. Westerman; Shawn M. Bergman. 2018. "Recruiting with ethics in an online era: Integrating corporate social responsibility with social media to predict organizational attractiveness." Journal of Vocational Behavior 109, no. : 101-117.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Business, Peace and Sustainable Development
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There is a growing social justice movement in the United States in response to perceptions of increasing inequality, as illustrated by recent minimum wage protests and the Occupy Wall Street movement. It is an open question, however, as to whether the accuracy of business students' knowledge of social justice issues in the United States affects student attitudes. We empirically examine whether the social justice knowledge deficits of management students affect student social and economic justice perceptions. Data were collected from business students (n = 222) at an AACSB-accredited business school at a comprehensive state university. Results indicate that students who are less accurate regarding where the United States ranks in reference to its OECD peers on social justice issues perceive current social justice policy and practice as more equitable, have lower levels of agreement with the goals of the Occupy Wall Street social justice movement, and are more likely to endorse GNP as an effective measure of a society's progress.

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Shawn M. Bergman; Brian G. Whitaker; Joseph P. Daly; Jennifer Westerman. Does Social Justice Knowledge Matter in Sustainable Business Education?: Effects on Student Attitudes. Business, Peace and Sustainable Development 2016, 2016, 34 -54.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Jacqueline Z. Bergman, Shawn M. Bergman, Brian G. Whitaker, Joseph P. Daly, Jennifer Westerman. Does Social Justice Knowledge Matter in Sustainable Business Education?: Effects on Student Attitudes. Business, Peace and Sustainable Development. 2016; 2016 (8):34-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Shawn M. Bergman; Brian G. Whitaker; Joseph P. Daly; Jennifer Westerman. 2016. "Does Social Justice Knowledge Matter in Sustainable Business Education?: Effects on Student Attitudes." Business, Peace and Sustainable Development 2016, no. 8: 34-54.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in The International Journal of Management Education
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Highlights•Faculty-student personality congruence on narcissism was associated with enhanced undergraduate student grade performance.•Faculty with higher levels of narcissism were associated with detrimental academic outcomes for less narcissistic students.•Strategies for reducing faculty and student narcissism are suggested. AbstractWe examined the relationship between personality congruence on faculty and student narcissism with student perceptions of professor status, the perceived difficulty of the class, and student performance in the classroom. Data were collected from business students and faculty at an AACSB-accredited business school at a comprehensive state university. Results indicated that narcissism congruence was significantly related to a student's final grade in the class such that less congruence was associated with lower course grades and that this negative association was partially mediated by perceived professor status and perceived class difficulty. Particularly concerning was the finding that more narcissistic faculty were associated with detrimental outcomes for less narcissistic students. Considering the well-documented and profoundly negative implications of narcissism for workplace environments, this finding suggests a need for future research on the impact of narcissistic faculty on business students and on successful intervention strategies.

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Shawn M. Bergman; Joseph P. Daly. Faculty narcissism and student outcomes in business higher education: A student-faculty fit analysis. The International Journal of Management Education 2016, 14, 63 -73.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Brian G. Whitaker, Jacqueline Z. Bergman, Shawn M. Bergman, Joseph P. Daly. Faculty narcissism and student outcomes in business higher education: A student-faculty fit analysis. The International Journal of Management Education. 2016; 14 (2):63-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Shawn M. Bergman; Joseph P. Daly. 2016. "Faculty narcissism and student outcomes in business higher education: A student-faculty fit analysis." The International Journal of Management Education 14, no. 2: 63-73.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2015 in Environment, Development and Sustainability
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Recent conjecture on the potential primacy of physical environmental components in education for sustainable development (ESD) efforts serves to question the centrality of social justice education as a component of ESD. This research explores a sustainable development student’s basic knowledge of social justice conditions in their country of residence and its relationships to policy attitudes that should be of importance to ESD, including beliefs about the importance of corporate social responsibility, their endorsement of gross national product as an effective measure of progress, their overall assessment of the social fairness of current national social justice policy, and their endorsement of the goals of Occupy Wall Street. Results obtained using path-model hypothesis testing indicate that accuracy of knowledge of US standing on social justice issues is significantly related to these policy attitudes, providing support for social justice content in ESD endeavors to create students empowered for engagement in broader policy goals.

ACS Style

Jennifer H. Westerman; James W. Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker. Does social justice knowledge matter? Education for sustainable development and student attitudes. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2015, 18, 561 -576.

AMA Style

Jennifer H. Westerman, James W. Westerman, Brian G. Whitaker. Does social justice knowledge matter? Education for sustainable development and student attitudes. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2015; 18 (2):561-576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer H. Westerman; James W. Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker. 2015. "Does social justice knowledge matter? Education for sustainable development and student attitudes." Environment, Development and Sustainability 18, no. 2: 561-576.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development
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As business has a large impact on the natural environment, it is important to study the environmental values of business school students. This research focuses on the personality trait of narcissism, and its impact on materialism and environmental values. Data were collected in an exploratory analysis of the relationships between narcissism, materialism, and environmental values from business students in the USA and the Netherlands. Results indicate that business student narcissism was significantly associated with higher levels of materialism, and higher levels of materialism were associated with lower environmental values in both the USA and the Netherlands. As business students represent a critical element in creating and developing a more sustainable economic model, these results point to a pressing need for higher education to engage in more aggressive interventions to educate and produce future business leaders with a greater concern for environmental stewardship.

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Erik Van Beek; Jennifer Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker. Ecological values, narcissism, and materialism: a comparison of business students in the USA and The Netherlands. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 2014, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Erik Van Beek, Jennifer Westerman, Brian G. Whitaker. Ecological values, narcissism, and materialism: a comparison of business students in the USA and The Netherlands. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development. 2014; 8 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Erik Van Beek; Jennifer Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker. 2014. "Ecological values, narcissism, and materialism: a comparison of business students in the USA and The Netherlands." International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1: 1.

Articles
Published: 01 December 2013 in Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion
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We investigate the influence of three individual differences in the prediction of one’s workplace values: belief in God, conscientiousness, and Machiavellianism. Data were collected from students (n = 247) at a comprehensive university in the southeastern USA. The results supported the hypotheses, as belief in God, conscientiousness, and Machiavellianism were each predictive of different sets of personal values of importance to the workplace. The most intriguing result was the strength of one’s belief in God as a predictor of beneficial and organizationally relevant values. In ethically challenged work environments, virtuous advocates may provide a strong moral and social compass for organizations. These results also provide a foundation in demonstrating that those with higher belief in God endorse a different values profile than do those who are high on conscientiousness or Machiavellianism.

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker; Amber Hardesty. Belief in God: the differential prediction of workplace values. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 2013, 10, 324 -341.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Brian G. Whitaker, Amber Hardesty. Belief in God: the differential prediction of workplace values. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion. 2013; 10 (4):324-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Brian G. Whitaker; Amber Hardesty. 2013. "Belief in God: the differential prediction of workplace values." Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 10, no. 4: 324-341.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2011 in Journal of Business Ethics
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We investigate the cross-cultural relationships between spirituality and ethical decision-making in Norway and the U.S. Data were collected from business students (n = 149) at state universities in Norway and the U.S. Results indicate that intention to behave ethically was significantly related to spirituality, national culture, and the influence of peers. Americans were significantly less ethical than Norwegians based on the three dimensions of ethics, yet more spiritual overall. Interestingly, the more spiritual were Norwegians, the more ethical was their decision-making. By contrast, the more spiritual were Americans, the less ethical was their decision-making. The research also found that peer influences were more important to Norwegians than to Americans in making ethical decisions. Finally, spiritual people from the U.S. were more likely to use a universalistic form of justice ethics, as opposed to a more particularistic form of justice ethics used by Norwegians.

ACS Style

Rafik I. Beekun; James W. Westerman. Spirituality and national culture as antecedents to ethical decision-making: a comparison between the United States and Norway. Journal of Business Ethics 2011, 110, 33 -44.

AMA Style

Rafik I. Beekun, James W. Westerman. Spirituality and national culture as antecedents to ethical decision-making: a comparison between the United States and Norway. Journal of Business Ethics. 2011; 110 (1):33-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafik I. Beekun; James W. Westerman. 2011. "Spirituality and national culture as antecedents to ethical decision-making: a comparison between the United States and Norway." Journal of Business Ethics 110, no. 1: 33-44.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2011 in Journal of Management Education
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The authors investigate whether narcissism levels are significantly higher in undergraduate business students than psychology students, whether business schools are reinforcing narcissism in the classroom, and whether narcissism is influencing student salary and career expectations. Data were collected from Millennial students ( n = 536) and faculty at an AACSB-accredited comprehensive state university. Results indicate that the current generation of college students has significantly higher levels of narcissism than college students of the past, business students possess significantly higher levels of narcissism than psychology students, narcissism does not have a significant (positive or negative) relationship with business school classroom outcomes, and narcissists expect to have significantly more career success in terms of ease of finding a job, salary, and promotions. Considering the well-documented and profoundly negative implications of narcissism for workplace environments, this finding suggests a need for future research on the impact of increasing student narcissism in business students and on successful intervention strategies.

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Shawn M. Bergman; Joseph P. Daly. Are Universities Creating Millennial Narcissistic Employees? An Empirical Examination of Narcissism in Business Students and Its Implications. Journal of Management Education 2011, 36, 5 -32.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Jacqueline Z. Bergman, Shawn M. Bergman, Joseph P. Daly. Are Universities Creating Millennial Narcissistic Employees? An Empirical Examination of Narcissism in Business Students and Its Implications. Journal of Management Education. 2011; 36 (1):5-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Shawn M. Bergman; Joseph P. Daly. 2011. "Are Universities Creating Millennial Narcissistic Employees? An Empirical Examination of Narcissism in Business Students and Its Implications." Journal of Management Education 36, no. 1: 5-32.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2011 in Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education
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We revisit the relationship between attendance and performance in the undergraduate university setting and apply agency theory in the instructor–student context. Building on agency theory propositions in the educational setting advanced by Smith, Zsidisin, and Adams (2005), we propose that the student and instructor must align goals to promote the student's achievement of performance learning outcomes, and attendance functions as a behavior‐based alignment mechanism to encourage the convergence of faculty and student interests. Further, we propose that attendance does not equally affect lower‐ and higher‐performing students and that absences are also negatively related to students' cumulative grade point average. We test these hypotheses with data from undergraduates enrolled in management courses at a state university in the southeast. Our results show that attendance is positively related to exam performance, there are more pronounced negative effects of an absence for lower‐performing students than for higher performers, and absences are negatively related to a student's cumulative grade point average. We discuss the implications of our findings for students, instructors, and universities as well as practice in teaching and learning.

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Luis A. Perez-Batres; Betty S. Coffey; Richard W. Pouder. The Relationship Between Undergraduate Attendance and Performance Revisited: Alignment of Student and Instructor Goals. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education 2011, 9, 49 -67.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Luis A. Perez-Batres, Betty S. Coffey, Richard W. Pouder. The Relationship Between Undergraduate Attendance and Performance Revisited: Alignment of Student and Instructor Goals. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education. 2011; 9 (1):49-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Luis A. Perez-Batres; Betty S. Coffey; Richard W. Pouder. 2011. "The Relationship Between Undergraduate Attendance and Performance Revisited: Alignment of Student and Instructor Goals." Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education 9, no. 1: 49-67.

Articles
Published: 20 November 2010 in Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion
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This study investigated the relationship between an individual’s religious beliefs, conscientiousness, and ethical development. A survey was given to 250 business and psychology students at a mid‐sized university in the southeastern United States that included questions pertaining to ethics, conscientiousness, and the students’ beliefs about God based on the Baylor Institute Typology. Our findings indicate that God Image had significant but differential effects on conscientiousness and ethical development. Recognition of these important relationships may assist managers in developing an improved understanding of values, attitudes, and resulting behaviors of employees in the workplace, and may present opportunities for organizational interventions to improve employee and team performance.

ACS Style

Amber Hardesty; James W. Westerman; Rafik I. Beekun; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Jennifer H. Westerman. Images of God and their role in the workplace. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 2010, 7, 315 -333.

AMA Style

Amber Hardesty, James W. Westerman, Rafik I. Beekun, Jacqueline Z. Bergman, Jennifer H. Westerman. Images of God and their role in the workplace. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion. 2010; 7 (4):315-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amber Hardesty; James W. Westerman; Rafik I. Beekun; Jacqueline Z. Bergman; Jennifer H. Westerman. 2010. "Images of God and their role in the workplace." Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 7, no. 4: 315-333.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2010 in Academy of Management Learning & Education
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Narcissism levels in U.S. college students have steadily risen over the past 25 years (Twenge, Konrath, Foster, Campbell, & Bushman, 2008), and these increases may be even more pronounced among business students in comparison with those in other disciplines (e.g., Robak, Chiffriller, & Zappone, 2007). This increase in narcissism has implications for both student classroom behavior and the manner in which we, as faculty, effectively teach and manage our classrooms. We explore the personality trait of narcissism, its potential manifestations in the classroom, and offer suggestions for management educators in dealing with more narcissistic students.

ACS Style

Jacqueline Z. Bergman; James W. Westerman; Joseph P. Daly. Narcissism in Management Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education 2010, 9, 119 -131.

AMA Style

Jacqueline Z. Bergman, James W. Westerman, Joseph P. Daly. Narcissism in Management Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2010; 9 (1):119-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacqueline Z. Bergman; James W. Westerman; Joseph P. Daly. 2010. "Narcissism in Management Education." Academy of Management Learning & Education 9, no. 1: 119-131.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2010 in Academy of Management Learning & Education
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ACS Style

Jacqueline Z. Bergman; James W. Westerman; Joseph P. Daly. Narcissism in Management Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education 2010, 9, 119 -131.

AMA Style

Jacqueline Z. Bergman, James W. Westerman, Joseph P. Daly. Narcissism in Management Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2010; 9 (1):119-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacqueline Z. Bergman; James W. Westerman; Joseph P. Daly. 2010. "Narcissism in Management Education." Academy of Management Learning & Education 9, no. 1: 119-131.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2009 in Management Research News
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Personality and national culture: Predictors of compensation strategy preferences in the United States of America and India

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Rafik I. Beekun; Joseph Daly; Sita Vanka. Personality and national culture. Management Research News 2009, 32, 767 -781.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Rafik I. Beekun, Joseph Daly, Sita Vanka. Personality and national culture. Management Research News. 2009; 32 (8):767-781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Rafik I. Beekun; Joseph Daly; Sita Vanka. 2009. "Personality and national culture." Management Research News 32, no. 8: 767-781.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2008 in Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management
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Spiraling compensation costs over the past two decades has led many firms to change their compensation strategies. There has been a shift in employee pension benefits as a form of compensation, as firms are rapidly moving from defined benefit plans towards defined contribution plans. In this study, we examine data and prior empirical analyses from the Health and Retirement Study to explore how this shift may affect retirees and employees. Based on an exploratory data analysis, we introduce a theoretical framework representing the relationship between retiree satisfaction and pension plans, and discuss its potential impact on organizations and their employees.

ACS Style

Jim Sundali; James W. Westerman; Yvonne Stedham. The Importance of Stable Income Sources in Retirement: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 2008, 10, 18 -46.

AMA Style

Jim Sundali, James W. Westerman, Yvonne Stedham. The Importance of Stable Income Sources in Retirement: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management. 2008; 10 (1):18-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jim Sundali; James W. Westerman; Yvonne Stedham. 2008. "The Importance of Stable Income Sources in Retirement: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 10, no. 1: 18-46.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2007 in Journal of Business Ethics
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In this comparative survey of 191 Egyptian and 92 U.S. executives, we explore the relationship between national culture and ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examine how differences on two of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, individualism/collectivism, and power distance, are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Egypt and the U.S. provide an interesting comparison because of the extreme differences in their economies and related business development. Our results indicate that respondents from the U.S, individualistic and low in power distance, were likely to view the decision making outcome in ethics scenarios as more unethical than the more collectivistic and high power distance Egyptians, when applying ethical criteria based on justice, utilitarianism, relativism, and (contrary to our predictions) egoism. However, we also found that both Egyptians and Americans rely on justice, utilitarianism, and relativism in predicting their intentions to behave ethically, and that Americans substitute egoism for justice, when the behavioral intentions of peers are examined.

ACS Style

Rafik I. Beekun; Ramda Hamdy; James W. Westerman; Hassan R. Hassabelnaby. An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt. Journal of Business Ethics 2007, 82, 587 -605.

AMA Style

Rafik I. Beekun, Ramda Hamdy, James W. Westerman, Hassan R. Hassabelnaby. An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt. Journal of Business Ethics. 2007; 82 (3):587-605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafik I. Beekun; Ramda Hamdy; James W. Westerman; Hassan R. Hassabelnaby. 2007. "An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt." Journal of Business Ethics 82, no. 3: 587-605.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2007 in Journal of Business Ethics
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Antecedents, decision-making, ethics, individualism/collectivism, national culture, peers, power distance, social identity theory,

ACS Style

James W. Westerman; Rafik I. Beekun; Yvonne Stedham; Jeanne Yamamura. Peers Versus National Culture: An Analysis of Antecedents to Ethical Decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics 2007, 75, 239 -252.

AMA Style

James W. Westerman, Rafik I. Beekun, Yvonne Stedham, Jeanne Yamamura. Peers Versus National Culture: An Analysis of Antecedents to Ethical Decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics. 2007; 75 (3):239-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James W. Westerman; Rafik I. Beekun; Yvonne Stedham; Jeanne Yamamura. 2007. "Peers Versus National Culture: An Analysis of Antecedents to Ethical Decision-making." Journal of Business Ethics 75, no. 3: 239-252.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2005 in Journal of Business Ethics
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Using Reidenbach and Robin‘s ( Journal of Business Ethics 7, 871–879, 1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we carried out the first empirical test of Robertson and Crittenden‘s (Strategic Management Journal 24, 385–392, 2003) cross-cultural map of moral philosophies to examine what ethical criteria guide business people in Russia and the U.S. in their intention to behave. Competing divergence and convergence hypotheses were advanced. Our results support a convergence hypothesis, and reveal a common emphasis on relativism. Americans are also influenced by the justice criterion while Russians tend to emphasize utilitarianism.

ACS Style

Rafik I. Beekun; Jim Westerman; Jamal Barghouti. Utility of Ethical Frameworks in Determining Behavioral Intention: A Comparison of the U.S. and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics 2005, 61, 235 -247.

AMA Style

Rafik I. Beekun, Jim Westerman, Jamal Barghouti. Utility of Ethical Frameworks in Determining Behavioral Intention: A Comparison of the U.S. and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics. 2005; 61 (3):235-247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafik I. Beekun; Jim Westerman; Jamal Barghouti. 2005. "Utility of Ethical Frameworks in Determining Behavioral Intention: A Comparison of the U.S. and Russia." Journal of Business Ethics 61, no. 3: 235-247.