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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to circulate worldwide, causing numerous outbreaks among bird species and severe public health concerns. H5N1 and H5N8 are the two most fundamental HPAI subtypes detected in birds in the last two decades. The two viruses may compete with each other while sharing the same host population and, thus, suppress the spread of one of the viruses. In this study, we performed a statistical analysis to investigate the temporal correlation of the HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 subtypes using globally reported data in 2015–2020. This was joined with an in-depth analysis using data generated via our national surveillance program in Egypt. A total of 6412 outbreaks were reported worldwide during this period, with 39% (2529) as H5N1 and 61% (3883) as H5N8. In Egypt, 65% of positive cases were found in backyards, while only 12% were found in farms and 23% in live bird markets. Overall, our findings depict a trade-off between the number of positive H5N1 and H5N8 samples around early 2017, which is suggestive of the potential replacement between the two subtypes. Further research is still required to elucidate the underpinning mechanisms of this competitive dynamic. This, in turn, will implicate the design of effective strategies for disease control.
Fatma Amer; Ruiyun Li; Neveen Rabie; Mohamed El-Husseiny; Nahed Yehia; Naglaa Hagag; Mohamed Samy; Abdullah Selim; Mohamed Hassan; Wafaa Hassan; Abdel-Sattar Arafa; Åke Lundkvist; Momtaz Shahein; Mahmoud Naguib. Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8. Viruses 2021, 13, 1565 .
AMA StyleFatma Amer, Ruiyun Li, Neveen Rabie, Mohamed El-Husseiny, Nahed Yehia, Naglaa Hagag, Mohamed Samy, Abdullah Selim, Mohamed Hassan, Wafaa Hassan, Abdel-Sattar Arafa, Åke Lundkvist, Momtaz Shahein, Mahmoud Naguib. Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatma Amer; Ruiyun Li; Neveen Rabie; Mohamed El-Husseiny; Nahed Yehia; Naglaa Hagag; Mohamed Samy; Abdullah Selim; Mohamed Hassan; Wafaa Hassan; Abdel-Sattar Arafa; Åke Lundkvist; Momtaz Shahein; Mahmoud Naguib. 2021. "Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1565.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 continue to circulate, causing huge economic losses and serious impact on poultry production worldwide. Recently, HPAIV H5N8 has been spreading rapidly, and a large number of HPAI H5N8 outbreaks have been reported in Eurasia 2020–2021. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of HPAI H5N8 virus at different geographical locations in Egypt from 2017 to 2019. This was followed by genetic and pathogenic studies. Our findings highlight the wide spread of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Egypt, including in 22 governorates. The genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments emphasized a phylogenetic relatedness between the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses and viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b recently isolated in Europe. These findings suggest that a potential back transmission of Egyptian HPAI H5N8 virus has occurred from domestic poultry in Egypt to migratory wild birds, followed by further spread to different countries. This highlights the importance of continuous epidemiological and genetic studies of AIVs at the domestic–wild bird interface.
Mohamed Tarek; Mahmoud Naguib; Abdel-Sattar Arafa; Laila Tantawy; Karim Selim; Shaimaa Talaat; Hesham Sultan. Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019. Animals 2021, 11, 2208 .
AMA StyleMohamed Tarek, Mahmoud Naguib, Abdel-Sattar Arafa, Laila Tantawy, Karim Selim, Shaimaa Talaat, Hesham Sultan. Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2208.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Tarek; Mahmoud Naguib; Abdel-Sattar Arafa; Laila Tantawy; Karim Selim; Shaimaa Talaat; Hesham Sultan. 2021. "Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019." Animals 11, no. 8: 2208.
Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to cause severe economic losses in poultry species worldwide. HPAI virus of subtype H5N1 was reported in Egypt in 2006, and despite vaccination efforts, the virus has become endemic. The current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine in vivo using specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The vaccine was prepared from the HPAI H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 using the baculovirus expression system. The VLPs were quantitated and characterized, including electron microscopy. In addition, the protection level of the VLPs was evaluated by using two different regimens, including one dose and two-dose vaccinated groups, which gave up to 70% and 100% protection level, respectively. The results of this study emphasize the potential usefulness of the VLPs-based vaccine as an alternative vaccine candidate for the control of AIV infection in poultry.
Mohamed El-Husseiny; Naglaa Hagag; Peter Pushko; Irina Tretyakova; Mahmoud Naguib; Abdel Arafa. Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Influenza Virus Like Particles Prepared from H5N1 Virus of Clade 2.2.1.2 in Chickens. Vaccines 2021, 9, 715 .
AMA StyleMohamed El-Husseiny, Naglaa Hagag, Peter Pushko, Irina Tretyakova, Mahmoud Naguib, Abdel Arafa. Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Influenza Virus Like Particles Prepared from H5N1 Virus of Clade 2.2.1.2 in Chickens. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (7):715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed El-Husseiny; Naglaa Hagag; Peter Pushko; Irina Tretyakova; Mahmoud Naguib; Abdel Arafa. 2021. "Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Influenza Virus Like Particles Prepared from H5N1 Virus of Clade 2.2.1.2 in Chickens." Vaccines 9, no. 7: 715.
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian orthoavulavirus type‐1 (NDV), is endemic in poultry in many regions of the world and causes continuing outbreaks in poultry populations. In the Middle East, genotype XXI, , used to be present in poultry in Egypt but has been replaced by genotype VII. We investigated whether virus evolution contributed to superseding and focused on the antigenic sites within the Hemagglutinin‐Neuraminidase (HN) spike protein. Full length sequences of an NDV genotype VII isolate currently circulating in Egypt was compared to a genotype XXI isolate that was present as co‐infection with vaccine type viruses (II) in a historical virus isolated in 2011. Amino acid differences in the HN glycoprotein for both XXI and VII viruses amounted to 11.7% and 11.9 %, respectively, compared to the La Sota vaccine type. However, mutations within the globular head (aa 126‐570), bearing relevant antigenic sites, were underrepresented (aa divergence of 8.8% and 8.1 % compared to 22.4% and 25.6% within the protein domains encompassing cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane part and stalk regions (aa 1‐125) for genotypes XXI and VII, respectively). Nevertheless, reaction patterns of HN‐specific monoclonal antibodies inhibiting receptor binding revealed differences between vaccine type viruses and genotype XXI and VII viruses for epitopes located in the head domain. Accordingly, compared to Egyptian vaccine type isolates and the La Sota vaccine reference strain, single aa substitutions in 6 of 10 described neutralizing epitopes of HN were found. However, the same alterations in neutralization sensitive epitopes were present in old genotype XXI as well as in newly emerged genotype VII isolates. In addition, isolates were indistinguishable by polyclonal chicken sera raised against different genotypes including vaccine viruses. These findings suggest that factors other than antigenic differences within the HN protein account for facilitating the spread of genotype VII versus genotype XXI viruses in Egypt.
Mahmoud M. Naguib; Dirk Höper; Magdy F. Elkady; Manal A. Afifi; Ahmed Erfan; Hassanein H. Abozeid; Wafaa M. Hasan; Abdel‐Satar Arafa; Momtaz Shahein; Martin Beer; Timm C. Harder; Christian Grund. Comparison of genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes II, XXI and VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as selection marker. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMahmoud M. Naguib, Dirk Höper, Magdy F. Elkady, Manal A. Afifi, Ahmed Erfan, Hassanein H. Abozeid, Wafaa M. Hasan, Abdel‐Satar Arafa, Momtaz Shahein, Martin Beer, Timm C. Harder, Christian Grund. Comparison of genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes II, XXI and VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as selection marker. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud M. Naguib; Dirk Höper; Magdy F. Elkady; Manal A. Afifi; Ahmed Erfan; Hassanein H. Abozeid; Wafaa M. Hasan; Abdel‐Satar Arafa; Momtaz Shahein; Martin Beer; Timm C. Harder; Christian Grund. 2021. "Comparison of genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes II, XXI and VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as selection marker." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. In the last 20 years, IBV has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in Egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. Multiple IBV genotypes, namely, GI-1, GI-13, GI-16, and GI-23 have been reported in Egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. Different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread of the disease in Egypt. However, the virus continues to spread and evolve where multiple IBV variants and several recombination evidence have been described. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge concerning IBV circulation, genesis, and vaccination strategies in Egypt. In addition, we analyze representative Egyptian IBV strains from an evolutionary perspective based on available data of their S1 gene. We also provide insight into the importance of surveillance programs and share our perspectives for better control of IBV circulating in Egypt.
Hassanein H. Abozeid; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies. Veterinary Sciences 2020, 7, 204 .
AMA StyleHassanein H. Abozeid, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7 (4):204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassanein H. Abozeid; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2020. "Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4: 204.
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian orthoavulavirus type-1 (NDV), is endemic in poultry in the Middle East causing continuing outbreaks in poultry populations despite efforts to vaccinate. In the past, genotype 2.XXI (former 2.VI) was present in poultry in Egypt but has been replaced by genotype 2.VII. We investigated whether virus evolution contributed to superseding, and focused on the antigenic sites within the Heamagglutinin-Neuramindase (HN) spike protein. Full length sequences of a NDV genotype 2.VII isolate currently circulating in Egypt was compared to a genotype 2.XXI isolate that was present as co-infection with vaccine type viruses (2.II) in an historical isolate of the year 2011. Amino acid differences in the HN glycoprotein for both 2.XXI and 2.VII viruses amounted to 11,7% and 11,9 % compared to LaSota vaccine type. However, mutations within the globular head (aa 126-570), bearing relevant antigenic sites, were underrepresented (aa divergence of 8,8% and 8,1 % compared to 22,4% and 25,6% within the fragment encompassing cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane part and stalk regions (aa 1-125) for genotypes 2.XXI and 2.VII, respectively. Nevertheless, reaction patterns of HN-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed differences between vaccine type viruses and genotype 2.XXI and 2.VII viruses for specific epitopes. Accordingly, compared to Egyptian vaccine type isolates and the LaSota vaccine reference strain, single aa substitutions in 6 of 10 described neutralizing epitopes were found within the attachment protein. However, the same alterations in neutralization sensitive epitopes were present in old genotype 2.XXI as well as in newly emerged genotype 2.VII isolates. In addition, isolates were indistinguishable by polyclonal chicken sera raised against different genotypes including vaccine viruses. These findings suggest, that factors other than antigenic differences within the HN-protein account for facilitating spread of genotype 2.VII while displacing genotype 2.XXI viruses in Egypt.
Mahmoud Naguib; Dirk Höper; Magdy El-Kady; Manal Afify; Ahmed Erfan; Hassanein Abozeid; Wafaa Hassan; Abdel-Satar A. Arafa; Momtaz Shahein; Martin Beer; Timm Harder; Christian Grund. Genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes 2.XX1 and 2.VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as a driving force of spread. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMahmoud Naguib, Dirk Höper, Magdy El-Kady, Manal Afify, Ahmed Erfan, Hassanein Abozeid, Wafaa Hassan, Abdel-Satar A. Arafa, Momtaz Shahein, Martin Beer, Timm Harder, Christian Grund. Genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes 2.XX1 and 2.VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as a driving force of spread. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud Naguib; Dirk Höper; Magdy El-Kady; Manal Afify; Ahmed Erfan; Hassanein Abozeid; Wafaa Hassan; Abdel-Satar A. Arafa; Momtaz Shahein; Martin Beer; Timm Harder; Christian Grund. 2020. "Genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes 2.XX1 and 2.VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as a driving force of spread." , no. : 1.
Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses constitute major threats to human health and cause considerable socioeconomic problems globally. More than 60% of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and most (72%) originate in wildlife.1Jones KE Patel NG Levy MA et al.Global trends in emerging infectious diseases.Nature. 2008; 451: 990-993Crossref PubMed Scopus (3064) Google Scholar Zoonotic microbes, with the capacity for human-to-human transmission, have the greatest pandemic potential.2Holmes EC Rambaut A Andersen KG Pandemics: spend on surveillance, not prediction.Nature. 2018; 558: 180-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar The 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic was the most severe in modern history to date and caused the deaths of tens of millions of people worldwide.3Mills CE Robins JM Lipsitch M Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza.Nature. 2004; 432: 904-906Crossref PubMed Scopus (477) Google Scholar Since then, three other influenza pandemics have emerged: in 1957 (H2N2 or Asian flu), in 1968 (H3N2 or Hong Kong flu), and in 2009 (H1N1 or swine flu).4WHOInfluenza A(H1N1) - update 47.http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_06_11/enDate: 2009Date accessed: June 6, 2020Google Scholar In addition, several epidemics caused by Ebola virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, Nipah virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus have been reported over the past two decades, causing numerous human deaths, with the potential for pandemic spread. COVID-19 is a new pandemic disease, first identified in China, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).5Wang C Horby PW Hayden FG Gao GF A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern.Lancet. 2020; 395: 470-473Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1072) Google Scholar As of July 2, 2020, there had been more than 10·8 million confirmed human cases of COVID-19 across more than 200 countries, resulting in more than 519 000 human deaths, but the true numbers of cases and deaths are probably much greater, and continue to increase.
Mahmoud M Naguib; Patrik Ellström; Josef D Järhult; Åke Lundkvist; Björn Olsen. Towards pandemic preparedness beyond COVID-19. The Lancet Microbe 2020, 1, e185 -e186.
AMA StyleMahmoud M Naguib, Patrik Ellström, Josef D Järhult, Åke Lundkvist, Björn Olsen. Towards pandemic preparedness beyond COVID-19. The Lancet Microbe. 2020; 1 (5):e185-e186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud M Naguib; Patrik Ellström; Josef D Järhult; Åke Lundkvist; Björn Olsen. 2020. "Towards pandemic preparedness beyond COVID-19." The Lancet Microbe 1, no. 5: e185-e186.
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus of subtype H9N2 is the most frequently detected subtype among domestic poultry and is a public health concern because of its zoonotic potential. Due to the multiple and complex routes of LPAIV H9N2 between geographic regions, little is known about the spatial diffusion of H9N2 virus to, within, and from Egypt, where it is endemic among poultry since 2011. Using close to 800 publicly available hemagglutinin (HA) segment nucleotide sequences, associated location and temporal data, we conducted a Bayesian discrete phylogeographic analysis. Here, we reconstructed and traced the origin, spread and principal transmission routes of H9N2 across large geographical regions, in addition to the transmission between Egypt and the rest of the world and between different Egyptian governorates. Our analysis suggests that during the last few decades, H9N2 has been introduced back and forth continuously between the countries where it is endemic. Amongst these regions, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Iraq act as main distribution hubs and drive the viral migration worldwide, with bi-directional and long-distance diffusions. It is noteworthy that H9N2 was introduced once to Egypt via Israel in mid 2009, and that the descendants of the Egyptian LAIVs H9N2 were back-transmitted to Israel in 2015. Additionally, governorates in middle Egypt (Giza, Fayoum and Bani Souwaif) are major hubs in the LPAIV H9N2 transmission network in Egypt. This knowledge highlights that H9N2 is both a global and a national concern and can aid in updating the surveillance program and vaccine strain selection.
Ruiyun Li; Amany Adel; Jon Bohlin; Åke Lundkvist; Björn Olsen; John H.-O. Pettersson; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt. Frontiers in Microbiology 2020, 11, 392 .
AMA StyleRuiyun Li, Amany Adel, Jon Bohlin, Åke Lundkvist, Björn Olsen, John H.-O. Pettersson, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11 ():392.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiyun Li; Amany Adel; Jon Bohlin; Åke Lundkvist; Björn Olsen; John H.-O. Pettersson; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2020. "Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt." Frontiers in Microbiology 11, no. : 392.
Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E. coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66–96% and 23–43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds’ habitats is urgently needed.
Nehal M. Nabil; Ahmed M. Erfan; Maram M. Tawakol; Naglaa M. Haggag; Mahmoud M. Naguib; Ahmed Samy. Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt. Pathogens 2020, 9, 196 .
AMA StyleNehal M. Nabil, Ahmed M. Erfan, Maram M. Tawakol, Naglaa M. Haggag, Mahmoud M. Naguib, Ahmed Samy. Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (3):196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNehal M. Nabil; Ahmed M. Erfan; Maram M. Tawakol; Naglaa M. Haggag; Mahmoud M. Naguib; Ahmed Samy. 2020. "Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt." Pathogens 9, no. 3: 196.
Background Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe. Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries. Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents. While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt, little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt. Methods Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt. Results AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species. In addition, a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es) introduction into Egypt. This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools. Conclusions Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface. In addition, constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.
Ali M. Zanaty; Ahmed Erfan; Wessam H. Mady; Fatma Amer; Ahmed A. Nour; Neveen Rabie; Mohamed Samy; Abdullah A. Selim; Wafaa M. M. Hassan; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype. Avian Research 2019, 10, 1 -10.
AMA StyleAli M. Zanaty, Ahmed Erfan, Wessam H. Mady, Fatma Amer, Ahmed A. Nour, Neveen Rabie, Mohamed Samy, Abdullah A. Selim, Wafaa M. M. Hassan, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype. Avian Research. 2019; 10 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli M. Zanaty; Ahmed Erfan; Wessam H. Mady; Fatma Amer; Ahmed A. Nour; Neveen Rabie; Mohamed Samy; Abdullah A. Selim; Wafaa M. M. Hassan; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2019. "Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype." Avian Research 10, no. 1: 1-10.
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to impose a negative impact on animal and human health worldwide. In particular, the emergence of highly pathogenic AIV H5 and, more recently, the emergence of low pathogenic AIV H7N9 have led to enormous socioeconomical losses in the poultry industry and resulted in fatal human infections. While H5N1 remains infamous, the number of zoonotic infections with H7N9 has far surpassed those attributed to H5. Despite the clear public health concerns posed by AIV H7, it is unclear why specifically this virus subtype became endemic in poultry and emerged in humans. In this review, we bring together data on global patterns of H7 circulation, evolution and emergence in humans. Specifically, we discuss data from the wild bird reservoir, expansion and epidemiology in poultry, significant increase in their zoonotic potential since 2013 and genesis of highly pathogenic H7. In addition, we analysed available sequence data from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrating patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions and reassortment dynamics. The integration of all aspects is crucial in the optimisation of surveillance efforts in wild birds, poultry and humans, and we emphasise the need for a One Health approach in controlling emerging viruses such as AIV H7.
Mahmoud M Naguib; Josanne H Verhagen; Ahmed Mostafa; Michelle Wille; Ruiyun Li; Annika Graaf; Josef D Järhult; Patrik Ellström; Siamak Zohari; Åke Lundkvist; Björn Olsen. Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2019, 43, 608 -621.
AMA StyleMahmoud M Naguib, Josanne H Verhagen, Ahmed Mostafa, Michelle Wille, Ruiyun Li, Annika Graaf, Josef D Järhult, Patrik Ellström, Siamak Zohari, Åke Lundkvist, Björn Olsen. Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2019; 43 (6):608-621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud M Naguib; Josanne H Verhagen; Ahmed Mostafa; Michelle Wille; Ruiyun Li; Annika Graaf; Josef D Järhult; Patrik Ellström; Siamak Zohari; Åke Lundkvist; Björn Olsen. 2019. "Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 43, no. 6: 608-621.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and H5N8 have become endemic among domestic poultry in Egypt since 2006 and 2016, respectively. In parallel, the low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus has been endemic since 2010. Despite the continuous circulation of these subtypes for several years, no natural reassortant has been detected so far among the domestic poultry population in Egypt. In this study, the HPAI (H5N2) virus was isolated from a commercial duck farm, giving evidence of the emergence of the first natural reassortment event in domestic poultry in Egypt. The virus was derived as a result of genetic reassortment between avian influenza viruses of H5N8 and H9N2 subtypes circulating in Egypt. The exchange of the neuraminidase segment and high number of acquired mutations might be associated with an alteration in the biological propensities of this virus.
Naglaa M. Hagag; Ahmed M. Erfan; Mohamed El-Husseiny; Azhar Shalaby; Mohamed A. Saif; Maram M. Tawakol; Ahmed A. Nour; Abdullah A. Selim; Abdel-Satar Arafa; Mohamed K. Hassan; Wafaa M. M. Hassan; Hanan A. Fahmy; Essam Ibraheem; Mohamed Attia; Ali M. M. Abdelhakim; Momtaz A. Shahein; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt. Viruses 2019, 11, 565 .
AMA StyleNaglaa M. Hagag, Ahmed M. Erfan, Mohamed El-Husseiny, Azhar Shalaby, Mohamed A. Saif, Maram M. Tawakol, Ahmed A. Nour, Abdullah A. Selim, Abdel-Satar Arafa, Mohamed K. Hassan, Wafaa M. M. Hassan, Hanan A. Fahmy, Essam Ibraheem, Mohamed Attia, Ali M. M. Abdelhakim, Momtaz A. Shahein, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt. Viruses. 2019; 11 (6):565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaglaa M. Hagag; Ahmed M. Erfan; Mohamed El-Husseiny; Azhar Shalaby; Mohamed A. Saif; Maram M. Tawakol; Ahmed A. Nour; Abdullah A. Selim; Abdel-Satar Arafa; Mohamed K. Hassan; Wafaa M. M. Hassan; Hanan A. Fahmy; Essam Ibraheem; Mohamed Attia; Ali M. M. Abdelhakim; Momtaz A. Shahein; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2019. "Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt." Viruses 11, no. 6: 565.
Immunosuppressive viral diseases have a great economic importance in the poultry industry due to the increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is one of the major immunosuppressive diseases in chickens. In addition, low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) of subtype H9N2 and infectious bronchitis (IB) viruses are among the most frequently reported respiratory viral diseases in poultry worldwide. In the present study, specific pathogen free chickens were used to understand the impact of CAV on secondary infection with LPAI-H9N2 or IB viruses. Clinical outcomes, viral shedding dynamics, and cytokine levels wereassessed. The results exhibit that chickens previously infected with CAV produceconsiderablyhigher titresof LPAI-H9N2 or IB viruses in the oropharyngeal swabs (P < 0.05), tracheas and kidneys. In addition, the immunologic effect of CAV provokedthe development of clinical signs of LPAI-H9N2 and IB virus infections. Moreover, results suggested that pre-infection with CAV directly correlated with elevated levels of IL-6 and IFNγ. These findings underline the importance of CAV pre-infection on LPAI-H9N2 or IB infection in chickens, and indicate that co-circulation of CAV can contribute to the spread and evolution of LPAI H9N2 and IB viruses.
Ahmed M. Erfan; Abdullah A. Selim; Shawky A. Helmy; Per Eriksson; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza (H9N2) and infectious bronchitis viral infections. Veterinary Microbiology 2019, 230, 123 -129.
AMA StyleAhmed M. Erfan, Abdullah A. Selim, Shawky A. Helmy, Per Eriksson, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza (H9N2) and infectious bronchitis viral infections. Veterinary Microbiology. 2019; 230 ():123-129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed M. Erfan; Abdullah A. Selim; Shawky A. Helmy; Per Eriksson; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2019. "Chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza (H9N2) and infectious bronchitis viral infections." Veterinary Microbiology 230, no. : 123-129.
Wild birds of the orders Anseriformes (mainly ducks, geese and swans) and Charadriiformes (mainly gulls, terns and waders) constitute the natural reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. In Egypt, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and LPAI H9N2 viruses are endemic in domestic poultry, forming a threat to animal and human health and raising questions about the routes of introduction and mechanisms of persistence. Recently, HPAI H5N8 virus was also introduced into Egyptian domestic birds. Here we review the literature on the role of wild birds in the introduction and endemicity of avian influenza viruses in Egypt. Dabbling ducks in Egypt harbor an extensive LPAI virus diversity and may constitute the route of introduction for HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 viruses into Egypt through migration, however their role in the endemicity of HPAI H5N1, LPAI H9N2 and potentially other avian influenza virus (AIV) strains – by means of reassortment of viral genes – is less clear. Strengthened surveillance programs, in both domestic and wild birds, that include all LPAI virus subtypes and full genome sequencing are needed to better assess the wild–domestic bird interface and form a basis for evidence-based measures to limit and prevent AIV transmission between wild and domestic birds.
Mahmoud M. Naguib; Josanne H. Verhagen; Ahmed Samy; Per Eriksson; Mark Fife; Åke Lundkvist; Patrik Ellström; Josef D. Järhult. Avian influenza viruses at the wild–domestic bird interface in Egypt. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 2019, 9, 1575687 .
AMA StyleMahmoud M. Naguib, Josanne H. Verhagen, Ahmed Samy, Per Eriksson, Mark Fife, Åke Lundkvist, Patrik Ellström, Josef D. Järhult. Avian influenza viruses at the wild–domestic bird interface in Egypt. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. 2019; 9 (1):1575687.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud M. Naguib; Josanne H. Verhagen; Ahmed Samy; Per Eriksson; Mark Fife; Åke Lundkvist; Patrik Ellström; Josef D. Järhult. 2019. "Avian influenza viruses at the wild–domestic bird interface in Egypt." Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 9, no. 1: 1575687.
Mahmoud M. Naguib; Timm Harder. Endemic situation of multiple avian influenza strains in poultry in Egypt: A continuing nightmare. Zoonoses and Public Health 2018, 65, 908 -910.
AMA StyleMahmoud M. Naguib, Timm Harder. Endemic situation of multiple avian influenza strains in poultry in Egypt: A continuing nightmare. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2018; 65 (8):908-910.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud M. Naguib; Timm Harder. 2018. "Endemic situation of multiple avian influenza strains in poultry in Egypt: A continuing nightmare." Zoonoses and Public Health 65, no. 8: 908-910.
We investigated in a unique setup of animal models and a human lung explant culture biological properties, including zoonotic potential, of a representative 2016 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4 group B (H5N8B), that spread rapidly in a huge and ongoing outbreak series in Europe and caused high mortality in waterfowl and domestic birds. HPAIV H5N8B showed increased virulence with rapid onset of severe disease and mortality in Pekin ducks due to pronounced neuro- and hepatotropism. Cross-species infection was evaluated in mice, ferrets, and in a human lung explant culture model. While the H5N8B isolate was highly virulent for Balb/c mice, virulence and transmissibility were grossly reduced in ferrets, which was mirrored by marginal replication in human lung cultures infected ex vivo. Our data indicate that the 2016 HPAIV H5N8B is avian-adapted with augmented virulence for waterfowl, but has low zoonotic potential. The here tested combination of animal studies with the inoculation of human explants provides a promising future workflow to evaluate zoonotic potential, mammalian replication competence and avian virulence of HPAIV.
Christian Christian Grund Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany; Donata Bernd Hoffmann Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany; Reiner Reiner Ulrich Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk ManagementFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany; Mahmoud Naguib; Donata Hoffmann; Sandra Saenger; Katja Katja Zscheppang Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt – Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany; Mario Mario Tönnies HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Thoracic SurgeryChest Hospital Heckeshorn Berlin Germany; Thorsten Wolff; Martin Beer. A novel European H5N8 influenza A virus has increased virulence in ducks but low zoonotic potential. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2018, 7, 1 -14.
AMA StyleChristian Christian Grund Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany, Donata Bernd Hoffmann Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany, Reiner Reiner Ulrich Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk ManagementFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany, Mahmoud Naguib, Donata Hoffmann, Sandra Saenger, Katja Katja Zscheppang Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt – Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany, Mario Mario Tönnies HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Thoracic SurgeryChest Hospital Heckeshorn Berlin Germany, Thorsten Wolff, Martin Beer. A novel European H5N8 influenza A virus has increased virulence in ducks but low zoonotic potential. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2018; 7 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Christian Grund Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany; Donata Bernd Hoffmann Institute of Diagnostic VirologyFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany; Reiner Reiner Ulrich Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk ManagementFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany; Mahmoud Naguib; Donata Hoffmann; Sandra Saenger; Katja Katja Zscheppang Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt – Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany; Mario Mario Tönnies HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Thoracic SurgeryChest Hospital Heckeshorn Berlin Germany; Thorsten Wolff; Martin Beer. 2018. "A novel European H5N8 influenza A virus has increased virulence in ducks but low zoonotic potential." Emerging Microbes & Infections 7, no. 1: 1-14.
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is one of the commercially important diseases of poultry worldwide. In Egypt, CAV has been reported to be a potential threat to the commercial poultry sectors. Hence, this study was aimed at isolation and full genomic analysis of CAVs circulating in chicken populations in different geographical location in Egypt. A total of 42 samples were collected from broiler chicken flocks in 9 governorates in Egypt from12 to 42 days of age. The mortality rate observed among chickens was ranging from 3% to 22%. Nineteen out of 42 farms were found positive for the CAV genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Full genome sequencing was conducted for 18 positive samples. Genetic analysis revealed a high similarity of >99% in 11 viruses with the vaccine strain Del-Ros; while the other seven samples shared close similarity to CAV field strains isolated from China, Taiwan, and Brazil. The data also indicated Q139 and Q144 amino acids substitutions among the VP1 of Egyptian field strains, which are known to be important in virus replication and spread. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced viruses (n = 18) based on either the full gene nucleotide sequence or VP1 coding sequence, suggested the circulation of four distinct genotypes in Egypt designated as group A, B, C and D. Moreover, evidence of recombination was detected among four Egyptian CAVs located within group A. The findings of this study succeeded to elucidate the epidemiological and genetic features of CAVs circulating in Egypt, and underscores the important of CAVs surveillance.
Ahmed Erfan; Abdullah A. Selim; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Characterization of full genome sequences of chicken anemia viruses circulating in Egypt reveals distinct genetic diversity and evidence of recombination. Virus Research 2018, 251, 78 -85.
AMA StyleAhmed Erfan, Abdullah A. Selim, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Characterization of full genome sequences of chicken anemia viruses circulating in Egypt reveals distinct genetic diversity and evidence of recombination. Virus Research. 2018; 251 ():78-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Erfan; Abdullah A. Selim; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2018. "Characterization of full genome sequences of chicken anemia viruses circulating in Egypt reveals distinct genetic diversity and evidence of recombination." Virus Research 251, no. : 78-85.
Recently, an increased incidence of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 in poultry linked to infected migratory birds has been reported from different European, Asian and African countries. In Egypt, incursion of HPAI H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has been recently registered. Full genomic characterization of 3 virus isolates from wild birds and poultry (backyard and commercial farm sectors) showed high nucleotide similarity among the HA, NA, M, and NS gene segments of the three Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses, indicating that they are descendants of a common ancestral virus. However, the analyzed Egyptian H5N8 viruses revealed distinct genotypes involving different origins of the PB2, PB1, PA and/or NP segments. In genotype-1 represented by strain A/common-coot/Egypt/CA285/2016 the PB2 and NP segments showed closest relationship to H5N6 and H6N2 viruses, recently detected in Italy. The second is replacement of PB1 and NP genes A novel reassortant, represented by strain A/duck/Egypt/SS19/2017, showed an exchange of PB1 and NP genes which might have originated from H6N8 or H1N1 and H6N2 viruses. Finally, replacement of PA and NP genes characterized strain A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses revealed that Egyptian H5N8 viruses are highly likely derived from Russian 2016 HPAI H5N8 virus (A/great_crested_grebe/Uvs-Nuur_Lake/341/2016 (H5N8)) and the reassortment likely occurred before incursion to Egypt.
Nahed Yehia; Mahmoud Naguib; Ruiyun Li; Naglaa Hagag; Mohamed El-Husseiny; Zainab Mosaad; Ahmed Nour; Neveen Rabea; Wafaa M. Hasan; Mohamed K. Hassan; Timm Harder; Abdel-Satar A. Arafa. Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2018, 58, 56 -65.
AMA StyleNahed Yehia, Mahmoud Naguib, Ruiyun Li, Naglaa Hagag, Mohamed El-Husseiny, Zainab Mosaad, Ahmed Nour, Neveen Rabea, Wafaa M. Hasan, Mohamed K. Hassan, Timm Harder, Abdel-Satar A. Arafa. Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2018; 58 ():56-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNahed Yehia; Mahmoud Naguib; Ruiyun Li; Naglaa Hagag; Mohamed El-Husseiny; Zainab Mosaad; Ahmed Nour; Neveen Rabea; Wafaa M. Hasan; Mohamed K. Hassan; Timm Harder; Abdel-Satar A. Arafa. 2018. "Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 58, no. : 56-65.
The avian respiratory system hosts a wide range of commensal and potential pathogenic bacteria and/or viruses that interact with each other. Such interactions could be either synergistic or antagonistic, which subsequently determines the severity of the disease complex. The intensive rearing methods of poultry are responsible for the marked increase in avian respiratory diseases worldwide. The interaction between avian influenza with other pathogens can guarantee the continuous existence of other avian pathogens, which represents a global concern. A better understanding of the impact of the interaction between avian influenza virus and other avian respiratory pathogens provides a better insight into the respiratory disease complex in poultry and can lead to improved intervention strategies aimed at controlling virus spread.
Ahmed Samy; Mahmoud M. Naguib. Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings. Veterinary Sciences 2018, 5, 23 .
AMA StyleAhmed Samy, Mahmoud M. Naguib. Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings. Veterinary Sciences. 2018; 5 (1):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Samy; Mahmoud M. Naguib. 2018. "Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 1: 23.
The cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 and avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H9N2 among poultry in Egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in Egypt. The present investigations proved that reassortants of the Egyptian H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and H9N2 virus of the G1-B lineage can be generated by coamplification in embryonated chicken eggs. Reassortants were restricted to the H5N1 subtype and acquired between two and all six of the internal segments of the H9N2 virus. Five selected plaque-purified reassortant clones expressed a broad phenotypic spectrum both in vitro and in vivo . Two groups of reassortants were characterized to have retarded growth characteristics in vitro compared to the H5N1 parent virus. One clone provoked reduced mortality in inoculated chickens, although the characteristics of a highly pathogenic phenotype were retained. Enhanced zoonotic properties were not predicted for any of these clones, and this prediction was confirmed by ferret inoculation experiments: neither the H5N1 parent virus nor two selected clones induced severe clinical symptoms or were transmitted to sentinel ferrets by contact. While the emergence of reassortants of Egyptian HPAIV of subtype H5N1 with internal gene segments of cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle, the spread of such viruses is expected to be governed by their fitness to outcompete the parental viruses in the field. The eventual spread of attenuated phenotypes, however, would negatively impact syndrome surveillance on poultry farms and might foster enzootic virus circulation. IMPORTANCE Despite almost 6 years of the continuous cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and avian influenza virus H9N2 in poultry in Egypt, no reassortants of the two subtypes have been reported. Here, the principal compatibility of the two subtypes is shown by forcing the reassortment between copassaged H5N1 und H9N2 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs. The resulting reassortant viruses displayed a wide range of pathogenicity including attenuated phenotypes in chickens, but did not show enhanced zoonotic propensities in the ferret model.
Mahmoud Naguib; Reiner Ulrich; Elisa Kasbohm; Christine L. P. Eng; Donata Hoffmann; Christian Grund; Martin Beer; Timm C. Harder. Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets. Journal of Virology 2017, 91, e01300-17 .
AMA StyleMahmoud Naguib, Reiner Ulrich, Elisa Kasbohm, Christine L. P. Eng, Donata Hoffmann, Christian Grund, Martin Beer, Timm C. Harder. Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets. Journal of Virology. 2017; 91 (23):e01300-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud Naguib; Reiner Ulrich; Elisa Kasbohm; Christine L. P. Eng; Donata Hoffmann; Christian Grund; Martin Beer; Timm C. Harder. 2017. "Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets." Journal of Virology 91, no. 23: e01300-17.