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Risk assessment of chemicals is usually conducted for individual chemicals whereas mixtures of chemicals occur in the environment. Considering that neuroactive chemicals are a group of contaminants that dominate the environment, it is then imperative to understand the combined effects of mixtures. The commonly used models to predict mixture effects, namely concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), are thought to be suitable for mixtures of similarly or dissimilarly acting components, respectively. For mixture toxicity prediction, one important challenge is to clarify whether to group neuroactive substances based on similar mechanisms of action, e.g., same molecular target or rather similar toxicological response, e.g., hyper- or hypoactivity (effect direction). We addressed this by using the spontaneous tail coiling (STC) of zebrafish embryos, which represents the earliest observable motor activity in the developing neural network, as a model to elucidate the link between the mechanism of action and toxicological response. Our objective was to answer the following two questions: (1) Can the mixture models CA or IA be used to predict combined effects for neuroactive chemical mixtures when the components share a similar mode of action (i.e., hyper- or hypoactivity) but show different mechanism of action? (2) Will a mixture of chemicals where the components show opposing effect directions result in an antagonistic combined effect? Results indicate that mixture toxicity of chemicals such as propafenone and abamectin as well as chlorpyrifos and hexaconazole that are known to show different mechanisms of action but similar effect directions were predictable using CA and IA models. This could be interpreted with the convergence of effects on the neural level leading to either a collective activation or inhibition of synapses. We also found antagonistic effects for mixtures containing substances with opposing effect direction. Finally, we discuss how the STC may be used to amend risk assessment.
Afolarin Ogungbemi; Riccardo Massei; Rolf Altenburger; Stefan Scholz; Eberhard Küster. Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement. Toxics 2021, 9, 104 .
AMA StyleAfolarin Ogungbemi, Riccardo Massei, Rolf Altenburger, Stefan Scholz, Eberhard Küster. Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement. Toxics. 2021; 9 (5):104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfolarin Ogungbemi; Riccardo Massei; Rolf Altenburger; Stefan Scholz; Eberhard Küster. 2021. "Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement." Toxics 9, no. 5: 104.
Risk assessment of chemicals is usually conducted for individual chemicals whereas mixtures of chemical are occurring in the environment. Considering that neuroactive chemicals are a group of contaminants that dominate in the environment, it is then imperative to understand the combined effects from mixtures. The commonly used models to predict mixture effects, namely concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), are thought suitable for mixtures of similarly or dissimilarly acting components, respectively. For mixture toxicity prediction, one important challenge is to clarify whether to group neuroactive substances based on similar mechanisms of action, e.g. same molecular target or rather similar toxicological response, e.g. hyper- or hypoactivity (effect direction). We addressed this by using the spontaneous tail coiling (STC) of zebrafish embryos, which represents the earliest observable motor activity in the developing neural network, as a model to elucidate the link between mechanism of action and toxicological response. Two questions were asked: 1.) Can the mixture models CA or IA be used to predict combined effects for neuroactive chemical mixtures when the components share a similar mode of action (i.e. hyper- or hypoativity) but show different mechanism of action? 2.) Will a mixture of chemicals where the components show opposing effect directions result in an antagonistic combined effect? Results indicate that mixture toxicity of chemicals such as propafenone and abamectin as well as chlorpyrifos and hexaconazole that are known to show different mechanisms of action but similar effect directions were predictable using CA and IA models. This could be interpreted with the convergence of effects on the neural level leading to either a collective activation or inhibition of synapses. We also found antagonistic effects for mixtures containing substances with opposing effect direction. Finally, we discuss how the STC may be used to amend risk assessment.
Afolarin Olaposi Ogungbemi; Riccardo Massei; Rolf Altenburger; Stefan Scholz; Eberhard Küster. Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAfolarin Olaposi Ogungbemi, Riccardo Massei, Rolf Altenburger, Stefan Scholz, Eberhard Küster. Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfolarin Olaposi Ogungbemi; Riccardo Massei; Rolf Altenburger; Stefan Scholz; Eberhard Küster. 2021. "Assessing Combined Effects for Mixtures of Similar and Dissimilar Acting Neuroactive Substances on Zebrafish Embryo Movement." , no. : 1.
The toxicological characterization of sediments is an essential task to monitor the quality of aquatic environments. Many hazardous pollutants may accumulate in sediments and pose a risk to the aquatic community. The present study provides an attempt to integrate a diagnostic whole mixture assessment workflow based on a slightly modified Danio rerio embryo acute toxicity test with chemical characterization. Danio rerio embryos were directly exposed to sieved sediment (≤ 63 μm) for 96 h. Sediment samples were collected from three polluted sites (Kramfors, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik) in the Gulf of Bothnia (Sweden) which are characterized by a long history of pulp and paper industry impact. Effect data were supported by chemical analyses of 237 organic pollutants and 30 trace elements. The results show that malformations and neurotoxic compounds are the main drivers of differentiation in chemical and effects analyses, respectively. Specific spinal cord malformations and delayed hatching were observed only in sediments from Kramfors while light hyperactivity was seen only after exposure to sediments from Sundsvall. Our experiments demonstrate that specific chemical profiles lead to specific effect patterns in Danio rerio embryos. In fact, behavioral endpoints could help detect the exposure to neurotoxins, and the observation of body malformations seems to be a potential tool for the identification of site-specific pollutants as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and several pesticides. Overall, results show the suitability of Danio rerio embryos for the fast screening of sediment samples.
Riccardo Massei; Henner Hollert; Martin Krauss; Wolf Von Tümpling; Cindy Weidauer; Peter Haglund; Eberhard Küster; Christine Gallampois; Mats Tysklind; Werner Brack. Toxicity and neurotoxicity profiling of contaminated sediments from Gulf of Bothnia (Sweden): a multi-endpoint assay with Zebrafish embryos. Environmental Sciences Europe 2019, 31, 8 .
AMA StyleRiccardo Massei, Henner Hollert, Martin Krauss, Wolf Von Tümpling, Cindy Weidauer, Peter Haglund, Eberhard Küster, Christine Gallampois, Mats Tysklind, Werner Brack. Toxicity and neurotoxicity profiling of contaminated sediments from Gulf of Bothnia (Sweden): a multi-endpoint assay with Zebrafish embryos. Environmental Sciences Europe. 2019; 31 (1):8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Massei; Henner Hollert; Martin Krauss; Wolf Von Tümpling; Cindy Weidauer; Peter Haglund; Eberhard Küster; Christine Gallampois; Mats Tysklind; Werner Brack. 2019. "Toxicity and neurotoxicity profiling of contaminated sediments from Gulf of Bothnia (Sweden): a multi-endpoint assay with Zebrafish embryos." Environmental Sciences Europe 31, no. 1: 8.
The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.
J. B. Legradi; C. Di Paolo; M. H. S. Kraak; H. G. Van Der Geest; E. L. Schymanski; A. J. Williams; M. M. L. Dingemans; R. Massei; W. Brack; X. Cousin; M.-L. Begout; R. Van Der Oost; A. Carion; V. Suarez-Ulloa; F. Silvestre; B. I. Escher; M. Engwall; G. Nilén; S. H. Keiter; D. Pollet; P. Waldmann; C. Kienle; I. Werner; A.-C. Haigis; D. Knapen; L. Vergauwen; M. Spehr; W. Schulz; W. Busch; D. Leuthold; S. Scholz; C. M. Vom Berg; N. Basu; C. A. Murphy; A. Lampert; J. Kuckelkorn; T. Grummt; H. Hollert. An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment. Environmental Sciences Europe 2018, 30, 1 -34.
AMA StyleJ. B. Legradi, C. Di Paolo, M. H. S. Kraak, H. G. Van Der Geest, E. L. Schymanski, A. J. Williams, M. M. L. Dingemans, R. Massei, W. Brack, X. Cousin, M.-L. Begout, R. Van Der Oost, A. Carion, V. Suarez-Ulloa, F. Silvestre, B. I. Escher, M. Engwall, G. Nilén, S. H. Keiter, D. Pollet, P. Waldmann, C. Kienle, I. Werner, A.-C. Haigis, D. Knapen, L. Vergauwen, M. Spehr, W. Schulz, W. Busch, D. Leuthold, S. Scholz, C. M. Vom Berg, N. Basu, C. A. Murphy, A. Lampert, J. Kuckelkorn, T. Grummt, H. Hollert. An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment. Environmental Sciences Europe. 2018; 30 (1):1-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. B. Legradi; C. Di Paolo; M. H. S. Kraak; H. G. Van Der Geest; E. L. Schymanski; A. J. Williams; M. M. L. Dingemans; R. Massei; W. Brack; X. Cousin; M.-L. Begout; R. Van Der Oost; A. Carion; V. Suarez-Ulloa; F. Silvestre; B. I. Escher; M. Engwall; G. Nilén; S. H. Keiter; D. Pollet; P. Waldmann; C. Kienle; I. Werner; A.-C. Haigis; D. Knapen; L. Vergauwen; M. Spehr; W. Schulz; W. Busch; D. Leuthold; S. Scholz; C. M. Vom Berg; N. Basu; C. A. Murphy; A. Lampert; J. Kuckelkorn; T. Grummt; H. Hollert. 2018. "An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment." Environmental Sciences Europe 30, no. 1: 1-34.
Pesticides and biocides (PaB) are ubiquitously present in aquatic ecosystems due to their wide-spread application and have been detected in rivers at concentrations that may cause distress to aquatic life. Many of these compounds accumulate in sediments acting as long-term source for aquatic ecosystems. However, data on sediment contamination with current-use PaB in Europe are scarce. Thus, in this study, we elucidated PaB patterns and associated risks in sediments of seven major European rivers focusing on their last stretch as an integrative sink of particles transported by these rivers. Sediments were extracted with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using a broad-spectrum method recovering many compound classes with a wide range of physico-chemical properties. Altogether 126 compounds were analyzed and 81 of them were detected with LC-HRMS and GC-NCI-MS/MS at least in one of the sediments. The highest number of compounds was detected (59) in River Elbe sediments close to Cuxhaven with outstanding concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 1691 mg/g organic carbon. Multivariate analysis identified a cluster with 3 ubiquitous compounds (cyhalothrin, carbendazim, fenpropimorph) and three clusters of chemicals with higher variability within and between rivers. Risk assessment indicates an acute toxic risk to benthic crustaceans at all investigated sites with the pyrethroids tefluthrin and cyfluthrin together with the fungicide carbendazim as the main drivers. Risks to algae were driven at most sites almost exclusively by photosynthesis inhibitors with estuary-specific herbicide mixtures, while in the rivers Po and Gironde cell division inhibitors played an important role at some sites. Mixtures of specific concern have been defined and suggested for integration in future monitoring programs.
Riccardo Massei; Wibke Busch; Hendrik Wolschke; Lena Schinkel; Maike Bitsch; Tobias Schulze; Martin Krauss; Werner Brack. Screening of Pesticide and Biocide Patterns As Risk Drivers in Sediments of Major European River Mouths: Ubiquitous or River Basin-Specific Contamination? Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52, 2251 -2260.
AMA StyleRiccardo Massei, Wibke Busch, Hendrik Wolschke, Lena Schinkel, Maike Bitsch, Tobias Schulze, Martin Krauss, Werner Brack. Screening of Pesticide and Biocide Patterns As Risk Drivers in Sediments of Major European River Mouths: Ubiquitous or River Basin-Specific Contamination? Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52 (4):2251-2260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Massei; Wibke Busch; Hendrik Wolschke; Lena Schinkel; Maike Bitsch; Tobias Schulze; Martin Krauss; Werner Brack. 2018. "Screening of Pesticide and Biocide Patterns As Risk Drivers in Sediments of Major European River Mouths: Ubiquitous or River Basin-Specific Contamination?" Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 4: 2251-2260.
Emerging pollutants are ubiquitous in the aquatic system and may pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. The quantification and prediction of environmental partitioning of these chemicals in aquatic systems between water, sediment and biota is an important step in the comprehensive assessment of their sources and final fates in the environment. In this multi-compartment field study, we applied equilibrium partitioning theory and chemical activity estimates to investigate the predictability of concentrations in Gammarus pulex as a model invertebrate from water and sediment in a typical small central European river. Furthermore, KOW-based and LSER approaches were assessed for the calculation of sediment organic carbon-, lipid-, and protein-water partitioning coefficients and activity ratios between the different compartments. Gammarid-water activity ratios close to unity have been observed for many chemicals, while sediment-water and sediment-biota chemical activity ratios exceeded unity by up to six orders of magnitudes. Causes may be: disequilibrium due to slow desorption kinetics and/or an underestimation of partition coefficients due to the presence of strongly adsorbing phases in the sediments. Water concentrations, particularly when using LSER for prediction of partition coefficients were good predictors of internal concentrations in gammarids for most emerging pollutants. Some hydrophilic chemicals such as the neonicotinoid imidacloprid tend to accumulate more in G. pulex than expected from equilibrium partitioning. This conclusion holds both for KOW as well as for LSER-based predictions and suggests previously unidentified mechanisms of bio-accumulation which may include binding to specific protein structures.
Pedro A. Inostroza; Riccardo Massei; Romy Wild; Martin Krauss; Werner Brack. Chemical activity and distribution of emerging pollutants: Insights from a multi-compartment analysis of a freshwater system. Environmental Pollution 2017, 231, 339 -347.
AMA StylePedro A. Inostroza, Riccardo Massei, Romy Wild, Martin Krauss, Werner Brack. Chemical activity and distribution of emerging pollutants: Insights from a multi-compartment analysis of a freshwater system. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 231 ():339-347.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro A. Inostroza; Riccardo Massei; Romy Wild; Martin Krauss; Werner Brack. 2017. "Chemical activity and distribution of emerging pollutants: Insights from a multi-compartment analysis of a freshwater system." Environmental Pollution 231, no. : 339-347.
Wastewaters contain complex mixtures of chemicals, which can cause adverse toxic effects in the receiving environment. In the present study, the toxicity removal during wastewater treatment at seven municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was investigated using an effect-based approach. A battery of eight bioassays was applied comprising of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption and fish embryo toxicity assays. Human cell-based CALUX assays, transgenic larval models and the fish embryo toxicity test were particularly sensitive to WWTP effluents. The results indicate that most effects were significantly reduced or completely removed during wastewater treatment (76-100%), while embryo toxicity, estrogenic activity and thyroid disruption were still detectable in the effluents suggesting that some harmful substances remain after treatment. The responsiveness of the bioassays was compared and the human cell-based CALUX assays showed highest responsiveness in the samples. Additionally, the fish embryo toxicity test and the transgenic larval models for endocrine disrupting effects showed high responsiveness at low sample concentrations in nearly all of the effluent samples. The results showed a similar effect pattern among all WWTPs investigated, indicating that the wastewater composition could be rather similar at different locations. There were no considerable differences in the toxicity removal efficiencies of the treatment plants and no correlation was observed with WWTP characteristics, such as process configuration or sludge age. This study demonstrated that a biotest battery comprising of multiple endpoints can serve as a powerful tool when assessing water quality or water treatment efficiency in a holistic manner. Rather than analyzing the concentrations of a few selected chemicals, bioassays can be used to complement traditional methods of monitoring in the future by assessing sum-parameter based effects, such as mixture effects, and tackling chemicals that are present at concentrations below chemical analytical detection limits.
Pia Välitalo; Riccardo Massei; Ilse Heiskanen; Peter Behnisch; Werner Brack; Andrew Tindall; David Du Pasquier; Eberhard Küster; Anna Mikola; Tobias Schulze; Markus Sillanpää. Effect-based assessment of toxicity removal during wastewater treatment. Water Research 2017, 126, 153 -163.
AMA StylePia Välitalo, Riccardo Massei, Ilse Heiskanen, Peter Behnisch, Werner Brack, Andrew Tindall, David Du Pasquier, Eberhard Küster, Anna Mikola, Tobias Schulze, Markus Sillanpää. Effect-based assessment of toxicity removal during wastewater treatment. Water Research. 2017; 126 ():153-163.
Chicago/Turabian StylePia Välitalo; Riccardo Massei; Ilse Heiskanen; Peter Behnisch; Werner Brack; Andrew Tindall; David Du Pasquier; Eberhard Küster; Anna Mikola; Tobias Schulze; Markus Sillanpää. 2017. "Effect-based assessment of toxicity removal during wastewater treatment." Water Research 126, no. : 153-163.
Previous studies on organic sediment contaminants focused mainly on a limited number of highly hydrophobic micropollutants accessible to gas chromatography using nonpolar, aprotic extraction solvents. The development of liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) permits the spectrum of analysis to be expanded to a wider range of more polar and ionic compounds present in sediments and allows target, suspect, and nontarget screening to be conducted with high sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, we propose a comprehensive multitarget extraction and sample preparation method for characterization of sediment pollution covering a broad range of physicochemical properties that is suitable for LC–HRMS screening analysis. We optimized pressurized liquid extraction, cleanup, and sample dilution for a target list of 310 compounds. Finally, the method was tested on sediment samples from a small river and its tributaries. The results show that the combination of 100 °C for ethyl acetate–acetone (50:50, neutral extract) followed by 80 °C for acetone–formic acid (100:1, acidic extract) and methanol–10 mM sodium tetraborate in water (90:10, basic extract) offered the best extraction recoveries for 287 of 310 compounds. At a spiking level of 1 μg mL-1, we obtained satisfactory cleanup recoveries for the neutral extract—(93 ± 23)%—and for the combined acidic/basic extracts—(42 ± 16)%—after solvent exchange. Among the 69 compounds detected in environmental samples, we successfully quantified several pharmaceuticals and polar pesticides.
Riccardo Massei; Harry Byers; Liza-Marie Beckers; Jens Prothmann; Werner Brack; Tobias Schulze; Martin Krauss. A sediment extraction and cleanup method for wide-scope multitarget screening by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2017, 410, 177 -188.
AMA StyleRiccardo Massei, Harry Byers, Liza-Marie Beckers, Jens Prothmann, Werner Brack, Tobias Schulze, Martin Krauss. A sediment extraction and cleanup method for wide-scope multitarget screening by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2017; 410 (1):177-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Massei; Harry Byers; Liza-Marie Beckers; Jens Prothmann; Werner Brack; Tobias Schulze; Martin Krauss. 2017. "A sediment extraction and cleanup method for wide-scope multitarget screening by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 410, no. 1: 177-188.
Cellular multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) transport proteins enhance the efflux of numerous organic pollutants. However, MXR proteins may be blocked or saturated by xenobiotic compounds, acting as inhibitors - also called chemosensitisers. Although effective on a cellular level, the environmental relevance of chemosensitisers has not been conclusively demonstrated. Since sediments are an important source of bioaccumulating compounds in aquatic ecosystems, sediments and sediment-associated hydrophobic pollutants were investigated for their potential to increase exposure and toxicity in the presence of chemosensitisation. In this study, we address this issue by (1) comparing the net uptake of 17 hydrophobic environmental pollutants by zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in the presence and absence of the model chemosensitiser verapamil and (2) investigating the impact of verapamil on the dose-dependent effect on zebrafish embryos exposed to polluted sediment extracts. None of the 17 pollutants showed a reproducible increase in bioaccumulation upon chemosensitisation with verapamil. Instead, internal concentrations were subject to intra-species variation by a factor of approximately two. However, a significant increase in toxicity was observed upon embryo co-exposure to verapamil for one of three sediment extracts. In contrast, another sediment extract exhibited less toxicity when combined with verapamil. In general, the results indicate only a minor impact of verapamil on the uptake of moderately hydrophobic chemicals in zebrafish embryos.
Denise Kurth; Stefan Lips; Riccardo Massei; Martin Krauss; Till Luckenbach; Tobias Schulze; Werner Brack. The impact of chemosensitisation on bioaccumulation and sediment toxicity. Chemosphere 2017, 186, 652 -659.
AMA StyleDenise Kurth, Stefan Lips, Riccardo Massei, Martin Krauss, Till Luckenbach, Tobias Schulze, Werner Brack. The impact of chemosensitisation on bioaccumulation and sediment toxicity. Chemosphere. 2017; 186 ():652-659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenise Kurth; Stefan Lips; Riccardo Massei; Martin Krauss; Till Luckenbach; Tobias Schulze; Werner Brack. 2017. "The impact of chemosensitisation on bioaccumulation and sediment toxicity." Chemosphere 186, no. : 652-659.
The occasionally observed differential chemical sensitivity in embryonic life stages of fish is still poorly understood and could represent an important issue for understanding the time course of toxicity and the toxic modes of action of chemicals. In this study we analyzed the toxicity of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor azinphos-methyl (APM) in different life-stages of zebrafish embryos. To this end, the LC50 of three 48h-exposure windows were determined (12μM for 0-48, no mortality observed for 24-72 and 72-120hpf up to a concentration of 79μM). We hypothesized that the differential sensitivity of the stage-specific embryos may be related to differences in uptake of the compound and/or internal concentrations. Therefore, internal concentrations were determined using HPLC. Similar levels and time courses of internal concentrations for all three exposure windows were observed. Bioconcentration amounted to a factor of about 30. Short-term exposure windows for a concentration 4-fold above the calculated LC50 (47μM) identified the period of 0-4hpf as the most sensitive time window for APM toxicity. Our results indicate that the differential sensitivity of APM in the embryos is not related to differences in internal concentrations but related to a stage specific mechanisms of toxicity.
Riccardo Massei; Carolina Vogs; Patrick Renner; Rolf Altenburger; Stefan Scholz. Differential sensitivity in embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio): The role of toxicokinetics for stage-specific susceptibility for azinphos-methyl lethal effects. Aquatic Toxicology 2015, 166, 36 -41.
AMA StyleRiccardo Massei, Carolina Vogs, Patrick Renner, Rolf Altenburger, Stefan Scholz. Differential sensitivity in embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio): The role of toxicokinetics for stage-specific susceptibility for azinphos-methyl lethal effects. Aquatic Toxicology. 2015; 166 ():36-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Massei; Carolina Vogs; Patrick Renner; Rolf Altenburger; Stefan Scholz. 2015. "Differential sensitivity in embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio): The role of toxicokinetics for stage-specific susceptibility for azinphos-methyl lethal effects." Aquatic Toxicology 166, no. : 36-41.