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Geraldo Andrade Carvalho
Universidade Federal de Lavras

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Preprint content
Published: 17 August 2021
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The agriculture industry seeks to reconcile control tactics for pest management, necessitating studies of lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies. The effect of six insecticides with diverse modes of action—ethiprole, etofenprox, lambda-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole, pymetrozine, and thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole—were evaluated after spraying on eggs, third-instar larvae, pupae, and adults of Harmonia axyridis , a generalist predator in cotton crops. Ethiprole was the only one that had no lethal effect on the predator at any stage of its development; however, it caused sublethal effects when applied to eggs (shortening of the larval phase and lower reproduction). Lambda-cyhalothrin caused high predator mortality after exposure at all stages. Due to the high compatibility between the ladybug H. axyridis and ethiprole, this compound is recommended for use in cotton integrated pest management programs. The other insecticides were harmful in lethal or sublethal tests, and further work in semifield and field conditions is required to confirm if they reduce H. axyridis populations.

ACS Style

Dyrson O. A. Neto; Pablo C. Gontijo; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used in Cotton on Harmonia Axyridis. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Dyrson O. A. Neto, Pablo C. Gontijo, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used in Cotton on Harmonia Axyridis. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dyrson O. A. Neto; Pablo C. Gontijo; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. 2021. "Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used in Cotton on Harmonia Axyridis." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Ecotoxicology
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Agriculture depends on the correct use of different methods for pest control, however the cultivation methods adopted for Solanaceae demands numerous pesticide applications. These products can be either harmful or selective to beneficial organisms, such as Coccinellidae predators. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological selectivity of insecticides, registered for tomato pest control, on Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The maximum recommended field dosage of the insecticides spinetoram, spiromesifen, methoxyfenozide, metaflumizone, tebufenozide and methomyl was used. They were sprayed on eggs, third instar larvae, pupae and adults of H. axyridis using Potter´s tower; control treatment consisted of water. Methoxyfenozide didn’t reduce any biological feature of the predator. Spiromesifen only reduced survival over time when sprayed on third instar larvae. Spinetoram shortened larval period and reduced survival of adults. When sprayed on larvae, metaflumizone reduced larval survival. Tebufenozide reduced egg viability, pupal period and larval survival over time. It is concluded that methoxyfenozide, spiromesifen and spinetoram are the least toxic to H. axyridis, and their usage should be prioritized in integrated pest management (IPM) programs; both tebufenozide and metaflumizone are harmful to some important biological features of the predator. Methomyl is highly toxic in controlled conditions, so its toxicity to H. axyridis should be confirmed in field and greenhouse tests, we also suggest further studies with the other compounds in different concentration and route of exposure.

ACS Style

Túlio Guimarães Silva; Jander Rodrigues Souza; Luciano Bastos Moreira; Lucas Lorenzon Resende Lima; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Survival, development and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under effects of insecticides used in tomato plants. Ecotoxicology 2021, 30, 863 -872.

AMA Style

Túlio Guimarães Silva, Jander Rodrigues Souza, Luciano Bastos Moreira, Lucas Lorenzon Resende Lima, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Survival, development and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under effects of insecticides used in tomato plants. Ecotoxicology. 2021; 30 (5):863-872.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Túlio Guimarães Silva; Jander Rodrigues Souza; Luciano Bastos Moreira; Lucas Lorenzon Resende Lima; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. 2021. "Survival, development and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under effects of insecticides used in tomato plants." Ecotoxicology 30, no. 5: 863-872.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Arthropod Structure & Development
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The larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla externa are important predators with the potential to be used in the biological control in agriculture. Although some studies provide important data on the gut morphology in lacewings, they are limited to few species. This study describes the anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal in the predatory larvae and herbivorous adult of C. externa. In larvae, the crop is the larger part of the foregut and it is connected to the midgut by the stomodeal valve. The midgut is an enlarged sac-like organ. At the mid-hindgut transition, there are eight Malpighian tubules. The hindgut is a non-functional vestigial region in the larvae. In adults, the crop has a diverticulum associated with large tracheal trunks, a conic proventriculus with sclerotized lips followed by an elongated tubular midgut. Histological analyses of larval and adult midgut show the presence of a single-layered epithelium with columnar cells with well-developed brush border, nests of regenerative cells, and a peritrophic matrix lining the midgut lumen. The hindgut in adults has an epithelium with cubic cells lined by a thin cuticular intima and rectal pads in the rectum. These data are discussed in comparison with the digestive tract in other Chrysopidae.

ACS Style

Priscylla Costa Dantas; José Eduardo Serrão; Helen Cristina Pinto Santos; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of larvae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Arthropod Structure & Development 2020, 60, 101000 .

AMA Style

Priscylla Costa Dantas, José Eduardo Serrão, Helen Cristina Pinto Santos, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of larvae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Arthropod Structure & Development. 2020; 60 ():101000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Priscylla Costa Dantas; José Eduardo Serrão; Helen Cristina Pinto Santos; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. 2020. "Anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of larvae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." Arthropod Structure & Development 60, no. : 101000.

Mini review
Published: 12 August 2020 in Ecotoxicology
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The coffee crop hosts pests such as mites, mealybugs, and aphids which serve as food for the predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The preservation of this chrysopid in coffee agroecosystem is very important to achieve sustainability of this agricultural sector, and can be obtained by applying low toxicity insecticides. The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of C. externa to azadiracthin, chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron. Predator eggs, third instar larvae, pupae and adults were exposed to insecticides by Potter tower spraying. When evaluating exposure of C. externa eggs we observed that chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron reduced larvae hatching, while azadiracthin prolonged first instar duration. Meanwhile, the exposure of third instar larvae to chlorpyrifos and ethiprole caused mortality of all insects after 72 h, while azadiracthin prolonged the larval development time; we also observed that no compound allowed the formation of adults. After pupae were exposed to chlorpyrifos and teflubenzuron, it was observed a reduction on the emergence of adults, while the longevity of adults from these pupae and the evaluated reproductive parameters were reduced by all insecticides. For the bioassay with adults, chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron reduced the longevity of insects, while the reproductive parameters evaluated were negatively affected after exposure to azadiracthin and teflubenzuron. It was concluded that all insecticides negatively affected at least one biological characteristic of the predator in at least one of the insect’s developmental stages, requiring further research in semi-field and field conditions to prove its toxicity.

ACS Style

Jander Rodrigues Souza; Luciano Bastos Moreira; Lucas Lorenzon Resende Lima; Túlio Guimarães Silva; Pedro Paulo Malfitano Braga; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops. Ecotoxicology 2020, 29, 1306 -1314.

AMA Style

Jander Rodrigues Souza, Luciano Bastos Moreira, Lucas Lorenzon Resende Lima, Túlio Guimarães Silva, Pedro Paulo Malfitano Braga, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops. Ecotoxicology. 2020; 29 (9):1306-1314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jander Rodrigues Souza; Luciano Bastos Moreira; Lucas Lorenzon Resende Lima; Túlio Guimarães Silva; Pedro Paulo Malfitano Braga; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. 2020. "Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops." Ecotoxicology 29, no. 9: 1306-1314.

Chapter
Published: 19 December 2019 in Natural Enemies of Insect Pests in Neotropical Agroecosystems
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Insecticides used in integrated pest management (IPM) can be also detrimental to natural enemies that are naturally present or released in the agroecosystems. Besides the mortality caused by pesticides, sublethal effects (such as reduction in fecundity, fertility, predation/parasitism rates, among others) can be observed on predators and parasitoids. Therefore, assessing the noxiousness of these chemical compounds to beneficial organisms, aiming at the integration of chemical and biological methods in pest control, is important to form the grounds for the development of more efficient, rational, and sustainable IPM programs. This chapter focuses on concepts related to the selectivity of pesticides to beneficial arthropods in pest control. After an introduction covering some aspects regarding pest management and concepts related to selectivity of pesticides, we present results of studies on the effects of pesticides on natural enemies in Neotropical countries. Many of these studies were performed according the methodologies proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Plants and Animals (IOBC), including fitting the compounds into toxicity and persistence classes. The research focuses on lethal and sublethal effects of phytosanitary products on natural enemies, in different exposition routes (topical application, residual contact, feeding on treated material, etc.) and life stages of the predators and parasitoids. Sublethal effects included alterations on behavior and biological parameters (i.e., reproduction and development). With this information, it is possible to decide whether an insecticide and a natural enemy can be used together in IPM programs, enhancing pest control. This research field should be stimulated to incorporate new strategies to pest management in Latin America.

ACS Style

Geraldo Andrade Carvalho; Anderson Dionei Grützmacher; Luis Clepf Passos; Rodrigo Lopes De Oliveira. Physiological and Ecological Selectivity of Pesticides for Natural Enemies of Insects. Natural Enemies of Insect Pests in Neotropical Agroecosystems 2019, 469 -478.

AMA Style

Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, Anderson Dionei Grützmacher, Luis Clepf Passos, Rodrigo Lopes De Oliveira. Physiological and Ecological Selectivity of Pesticides for Natural Enemies of Insects. Natural Enemies of Insect Pests in Neotropical Agroecosystems. 2019; ():469-478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geraldo Andrade Carvalho; Anderson Dionei Grützmacher; Luis Clepf Passos; Rodrigo Lopes De Oliveira. 2019. "Physiological and Ecological Selectivity of Pesticides for Natural Enemies of Insects." Natural Enemies of Insect Pests in Neotropical Agroecosystems , no. : 469-478.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2019 in Crop Protection
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The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is a polyphagous insect that causes losses to farmers in the world. This work was aimed isolating and identifying the active substances produced by Duguetia lanceolata A. St. Hil for S. frugiperda. The dichloromethane soluble fraction from D. lanceolata stem bark, incorporated into an artificial diet for S. frugiperda, showed high insecticidal activity against this insect (LC50 = 295 μg mL−1 of diet). Its fractionation yielded two aporphine alkaloids and a mixture of trans-asarone and 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene, which was active against S. frugiperda (LC50 = 124 μg mL−1 of diet). Both trans-asarone and 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene were individually active against the insect, with the latter substance being more active (LT50 = 73 h) than the former (LT50 = 170 h). In conclusion, trans-asarone and 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene are the substances produced by D. lanceolata that are active against S. frugiperda.

ACS Style

Dejane S. Alves; Viviane A. Costa; Alan R.T. Machado; Denilson F. Oliveira; Geraldo A. Carvalho. Duguetia lanceolata A. St.-Hil. Stem bark produces phenylpropanoids lethal to Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Crop Protection 2019, 127, 104965 .

AMA Style

Dejane S. Alves, Viviane A. Costa, Alan R.T. Machado, Denilson F. Oliveira, Geraldo A. Carvalho. Duguetia lanceolata A. St.-Hil. Stem bark produces phenylpropanoids lethal to Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Crop Protection. 2019; 127 ():104965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dejane S. Alves; Viviane A. Costa; Alan R.T. Machado; Denilson F. Oliveira; Geraldo A. Carvalho. 2019. "Duguetia lanceolata A. St.-Hil. Stem bark produces phenylpropanoids lethal to Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Crop Protection 127, no. : 104965.

Articles
Published: 01 June 2019 in CERNE
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Leaf-cutting ants are the main pests in forest plantations. The most commonly used chemical control for the ants is toxic bait. However, the active ingredients in these baits have been restricted by forest certification organizations, justifying the search for new active compounds to control these insects. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the formicidal activity of alkaloid fractions from the roots, stems, branches and leaves of Psychotria hastisepala and Psychotria leiocarpa (Rubiaceae) against Atta sexdens Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The alkaloid fractions were obtained from the crude methanolic extracts of P. hastisepala and P. leiocarpa by the acid-base extraction method employing liquid-liquid partitions. The fractions, previously solubilized in propanone, were applied topically to the pronotum of worker ants. Bioassays were conducted in a completely randomized design, with six replicates of each treatment and 10 ants per replicate. Insect survival was assessed daily for 21 days. The median lethal time was estimated by Weibull models. The root fractions from P. hastisepala presented the highest toxicity, followed by those from the branches, stems and leaves. Among fractions from P. hastisepala roots, the most toxic were a fraction that apparently is rich in lipophilic compounds and nonbasic alkaloids and a fraction that is likely rich in quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids, protopine alkaloids and tertiary bases. Psychotria leiocarpa fractions were not toxic to this insect. Psychotria hastisepala is potentially useful for the development of new products for A. sexdens control.

ACS Style

Dejane Santos Alves; Pilar Canela Garcia Fernandez; Alejandro Martin Martin; Flor Budia; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho; Ronald Zanetti; Denilson Ferreira De Oliveira. TOXICITY OF ALKALOID FRACTIONS FROM Psychotria spp. (RUBIACEAE) AGAINST Atta sexdens FOREL, 1908 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE). CERNE 2019, 25, 255 -262.

AMA Style

Dejane Santos Alves, Pilar Canela Garcia Fernandez, Alejandro Martin Martin, Flor Budia, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, Ronald Zanetti, Denilson Ferreira De Oliveira. TOXICITY OF ALKALOID FRACTIONS FROM Psychotria spp. (RUBIACEAE) AGAINST Atta sexdens FOREL, 1908 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE). CERNE. 2019; 25 (2):255-262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dejane Santos Alves; Pilar Canela Garcia Fernandez; Alejandro Martin Martin; Flor Budia; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho; Ronald Zanetti; Denilson Ferreira De Oliveira. 2019. "TOXICITY OF ALKALOID FRACTIONS FROM Psychotria spp. (RUBIACEAE) AGAINST Atta sexdens FOREL, 1908 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)." CERNE 25, no. 2: 255-262.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Insects
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Technologies that increase safety and efficiency, while facilitating and streamlining the work of seed analysts, are increasingly required by the seed industry. X-ray image analysis is a technique that has been used in the analysis of grain and seeds because it is fast, accurate and non-destructive. The traditional method to verify the presence of insect damage in seeds involves manual cutting of the seeds, which endangers the safety of the analyst and is time-consuming and repetitive work that leads to visual fatigue. The objective of this study was to compared the efficiency of radiographic analysis with and without contrast in the determination of infestation by Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), at different stages of development, in maize seeds, compared to the traditional method required by seed legislation, which consists of cutting and visual evaluation. Seeds were evaluated regarding the presence of eggs/oviposition signs, larvae, pupae, adult insects, insect damage in five infestation periods (5, 18, 33 and 35 days after infestation), while evaluating the total number of seeds infested, comparing the three methods. For characterization of the oviposition stage, the use of contrast was best at all times of infestation. For the larval stage, there was no difference between the evaluation methods; however, at 18 days, larger infestations were observed by the traditional method. At 5 days, the identification of pupae was better by the traditional method and radiography without contrast, while for the identification of adult insects the best method was the use of radiography without contrast. The characterization of the level of infestation with maize weevil damage was best verified using contrast radiography. Radiographic analysis is efficient in the detection of damage caused by S. zeamais in maize seeds. This method of radiographic analysis (with or without contrast) is thus an auxiliary tool to assess the damage and presence of S. zeamais in maize seeds.

ACS Style

Maria Laene Moreira De Carvalho; Eva Rezende Leite; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho; Fabiano França-Silva; Dayliane Bernardes De Andrade; Elizabeth Rosemeire Marques. The Compared Efficiency of the Traditional Method, Radiography without Contrast and Radiography with Contrast in the Determination of Infestation by Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Maize Seeds. Insects 2019, 10, 156 .

AMA Style

Maria Laene Moreira De Carvalho, Eva Rezende Leite, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, Fabiano França-Silva, Dayliane Bernardes De Andrade, Elizabeth Rosemeire Marques. The Compared Efficiency of the Traditional Method, Radiography without Contrast and Radiography with Contrast in the Determination of Infestation by Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Maize Seeds. Insects. 2019; 10 (6):156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Laene Moreira De Carvalho; Eva Rezende Leite; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho; Fabiano França-Silva; Dayliane Bernardes De Andrade; Elizabeth Rosemeire Marques. 2019. "The Compared Efficiency of the Traditional Method, Radiography without Contrast and Radiography with Contrast in the Determination of Infestation by Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Maize Seeds." Insects 10, no. 6: 156.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2017 in Biocontrol Science and Technology
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In order to aid the integration of biological and chemical controls for the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), this study evaluated the relative toxicity of five insecticides to the leaf miner predator Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) (Hemiptera: Miridae). The insecticides evaluated were teflubenzuron, abamectin, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, and cartap hydrochloride, all of which are recommended for control of T. absoluta in Brazil. Nymphs and adults of M. basicornis were exposed to tomato leaves treated with the insecticides, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The overall mortality caused by the products in both situations was recorded, and the survival of congeneric groups was analysed using the Weibull model. The persistence of the insecticides was also evaluated and they were categorised into toxicity classes proposed by the International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC) based on predator mortality and persistence. Abamectin and chlorfenapyr were toxic to M. basicornis nymphs and adults in all bioassays. Cartap hydrochloride was slightly harmful to adults in laboratory assays, but harmful to nymphs, and moderately harmful under greenhouse conditions. Chlorantraniliprole and teflubenzuron were harmless in most assays, except when nymphs were exposed in the laboratory, where they were moderately and slightly harmful, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and teflubenzuron should be preferred insecticides for use in tomato leaf miner IPM programmes that aim to conserve M. basicornis populations.

ACS Style

Luis Clepf Passos; Marianne Araújo Soares; Mariana Abreu Costa; Jp Michaud; Brenda Carolina Freire; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Physiological susceptibility of the predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae) to pesticides used to control of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 2017, 27, 1082 -1095.

AMA Style

Luis Clepf Passos, Marianne Araújo Soares, Mariana Abreu Costa, Jp Michaud, Brenda Carolina Freire, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. Physiological susceptibility of the predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae) to pesticides used to control of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 2017; 27 (9):1082-1095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Clepf Passos; Marianne Araújo Soares; Mariana Abreu Costa; Jp Michaud; Brenda Carolina Freire; Geraldo Andrade Carvalho. 2017. "Physiological susceptibility of the predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae) to pesticides used to control of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Biocontrol Science and Technology 27, no. 9: 1082-1095.