Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most frequent and malignant brain tumors in children. The prognosis depends on the advancement of the disease and the patient’s age. Current therapies, which include surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation, despite being quite effective, cause significant side effects that influence the central nervous system’s function and cause neurocognitive deficits. Therefore, they substantially lower the quality of life, which is especially severe in a developing organism. Thus, there is a need for new therapies that are less toxic and even more effective. Recently, knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms that are responsible for medulloblastoma development has increased. Epigenetics is a phenomenon that influences gene expression but can be easily modified by external factors. The best known epigenetic mechanisms are histone modifications, DNA methylation, or noncoding RNAs actions. Epigenetic mechanisms comprehensively explain the complex phenomena of carcinogenesis. At the same time, they seem to be a potential key to treating medulloblastoma with fewer complications than past therapies. This review presents the currently known epigenetic mechanisms that are involved in medulloblastoma pathogenesis and the potential therapies that use epigenetic traits to cure medulloblastoma while maintaining a good quality of life and ensuring a higher median overall survival rate.

Melanoma poses a growing concern for women of reproductive age, especially during pregnancy, when physiological changes can influence disease presentation and management. While women generally engage more in protective behaviors than men, significant disparities in awareness and preventive practices persist, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. Pregnancy-associated hormonal and mechanical changes may alter the morphology of nevi, necessitating vigilant dermatologic monitoring. Photoprotection strategies should prioritize safety for both mother and fetus, emphasizing mineral-based sunscreens and behavioral interventions. Although standard diagnostic and treatment approaches remain broadly applicable during pregnancy, advanced melanoma presents unique therapeutic challenges. Targeted therapies like BRAF inhibitors may offer maternal benefits in selected cases, although data are limited, whereas immunotherapies require cautious consideration due to potential fetal risks. Ultimately, optimal care of melanoma during pregnancy demands a multidisciplinary approach that integrates dermatologic, obstetric, oncologic, and pediatric expertise to balance maternal health needs with fetal safety. This review addresses awareness and preventive behaviors in women of reproductive age, pregnancy-related changes in melanocytic nevi, and management considerations during pregnancy.

Neurosurgical training has evolved in recent years, influenced by technological innovations, an increasing complexity of neurosurgical procedures, and growing patients’ expectations. While highly effective, traditional methods of learning in neurosurgery require the support of modern technologies to address the intricacy of the field. By synthesizing recent findings and trends, this article aims to provide valuable perspectives on improving neurosurgical training programs to prepare the next generation of neurosurgeons for the demands of a rapidly advancing field. This review explores innovations in neurosurgical education, highlighting 3D printing, virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence. New technologies support traditional neurosurgical education, providing reusability, limitless repetitions, relevant feedback, and increased procedure comprehension, but with partial realism. Hence, high-technology solutions remain a valuable complement to traditional training.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated condition characterized by non-scarring hair loss which can significantly impact patients' quality of life. While its precise etiology remains elusive, emerging evidence suggests that various lifestyle factors may contribute to disease onset, progression, and severity. This review aims to synthesize current findings on the potential impact of modifiable lifestyle elements including smoking, alcohol consumption, psychological stress, sleep disturbances, physical activity, obesity, and diet on the pathogenesis and clinical course of AA. The role of specific micronutrients such as iron, vitamin D, zinc, B vitamins, and biotin is also examined. Although several studies suggest associations between these factors and AA, the evidence remains inconsistent and largely observational. At present, no definitive lifestyle modification guidelines can be proposed for AA patients. However, this review underscores the need for increased clinical awareness and further high-quality research to elucidate the mechanisms by which lifestyle and dietary habits may influence autoimmune processes involved in AA, with the ultimate goal of integrating holistic approaches into patient care.

Introduction: A growing body of research suggests that regular sauna use is associated with a range of health benefits. Observational studies indicate positive effects on multiple physiological systems, but the mechanisms underlying these effects require further investigation. Aim of the Study: This study aims to systematically review and analyze scientific literature on the health effects of regular sauna use. The focus is on its impact on the cardiovascular system (including mortality risk and lipid profiles), mental health (symptoms of depression and anxiety), the immune system (inflammatory markers and immune cell activity), the endocrine system (levels of cortisol, adrenaline, and prolactin), the respiratory system, and skin health. Methodology: This review synthesizes data from scientific publications on thermotherapy via sauna use. Studies were selected for their relevance and methodological quality. Articles lacking scientific rigor were excluded. The literature search included databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, prioritizing systematic reviews and longitudinal studies. Results: The review found a strong association between regular sauna use and reduced cardiovascular mortality. Positive effects were also seen in lipid profiles, reductions in depression and stress symptoms, and modulation of immune responses (e.g., lower inflammatory markers). Potential benefits were noted for respiratory and skin health. Endocrine responses were complex, with thermal stress increasing cortisol and catecholamine levels, and possible changes in growth hormone. Conclusions: Regular sauna use may serve as a simple, accessible method to support health and prevent disease. Nonetheless, risks like dehydration and overheating must be considered. Further research is essential to clarify mechanisms and optimize therapeutic use.

Background: Lifestyle Medicine is an evidence-based approach that helps prevent and treat chronic diseases through modifications in daily habits. It includes key pillars: nutrition, physical activity, restorative sleep, avoidance of harmful substances, stress management, and social relationships. These interconnected domains play a critical role in promoting long-term health and well-being.Aim: To introduce the core principles of Lifestyle Medicine and present practical, evidence-based strategies for integrating them into routine patient care.Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current research findings and official guidelines from leading health organizations, such as World Health Organization and the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. Literature review was conducted using PubMed database.