The work environment includes conducive aspects such as (1) organizational encouragement, (2) supervisory encouragement, and (3) workgroup support, as well as toxic conditions like (4) teaching impediments and (5) workload pressure; the objective of the research is which of the factors and what are the elements of those factors teachers perceive as constituting the conducive and toxic environment. The research also outlines the effects of years of experience and the level of teaching on the specified factors. The study used a quantitative-based cross-sectional survey to analyze teachers perceptions of their work environment. A questionnaire comprised some background information, and 34 close-ended questions were used to elicit the responses. About 368 (230 males and 138 females) teachers participated in the survey. Structural equation models were constructed, where the five mentioned factors were part of two second-order formative constructs. Independent sample t-test was estimated to outline gender-wise and teaching level-wise (primary and secondary) variation, whereas Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to check whether the experience was correlated with any of the perceived factors of the work environment. It is found that workgroup encouragement, particularly having good relations with the principal, is the most important factor in the conducive environment of the school. The physical facilities were the least, whereas promoting positive behavior by avoiding conflict and ensuring fairness was the most important aspect of organizational encouragement. Teaching impediments were mostly shaped by how often teachers require dealing with disruptive and violent pupils. Teachers perceived too many after-school meetings, unreasonable deadlines, and office staffs inspections enhance their workload pressure. The more a teacher became experienced, the more he or she positively perceived the conducive environment of the school. The findings can serve as a guide for educational policymakers and school administrators to identify which factors in the school environment need urgent attention and modification.

Purpose: This research investigates the mediation effect of perceived organizational support on the relationship between organization-based self-esteem and perceived occupational stress of teachers.Design/methodology/approach: The present quantitative venture follows a causal research design to unveil the relationship among organization based self-esteem (independent variable), perceived occupational stress (dependent variable) and perceived organizational support (intervening variable). The research surveys 813 educators from nineteen selected distinct areas of Dhaka city; the survey instrument has twenty-six items apart from some general inquires about the respondents. To address the dynamic interplay among these variables, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is conducted within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework.Findings: Teachers with low self-esteem perceived a high level of occupational stress, whereas teachers who perceived high organizational support feel low occupational stress. Increasing organizational support not only increases organization-based self-esteem but also mediates the relationship between self-esteem and occupational stress.Practical implications: Teachers' stress is not only an increasing problem over the years but also it was one of the top six most stressful professions. The present study outlines the possible organizational initiatives that can reduce the stresses of the teaching profession.Originality/value: The findings of the present study square with several theoretical frameworks such as the job demands–resources (JD–R) model and conservation of resources (COR) theory. The results highlight the fact that allowing school teachers to express their ideas and points of view makes them feel esteemed. Likewise, good relations with the school head and getting positive feedback are found to be contributing factors. The teachers feel lesson planning overburdensome and undue office inspections hurt their self-esteem. Any school can increase the self-esteem of the teachers by providing support and training to adjust to changes.

Measuring people’s values Orientation for Materialism has been a popular area for the research in social sciences since 1990’s. Among the plethora of materialism scales, perhaps Marsha Richins and Scott Dawson formulated scale for measuring materialism is the most popular and widely used. This research examines the consumerism of Bangladesh using Richins’ Scale of seventeen items categorized in three variables to measure materialism. Exploratory Research Design is applied to address the clusters of attitudes that may emerge from the data gathered by mall intercept from a convenience sample of 1,259. “Factor analysis” was conducted to devise a valid scale to measure consumerism in this culture. Research findings suggest that a new set of items can measure the level of materialism with acceptable reliability and validity for the culture of Bangladesh. When the relationships between demographics and materialism were assessed, with the exception of age, a non-consistent pattern emerged. Hardly any effort has made so far to unveil the nature of consumerism in the developing economy context; hence, the research may benefit to outline the value shift that leans toward materialism value orientation.

This cross-sectional study examined if social capital affects women's health attributions. The study used the Internet Social Capital Scale (ISCS) and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scale to measure Social Capital and Health Locus of Control. A predefined 38-item questionnaire was used to survey 485 purposively selected women. A bidirectional reciprocal structural equation model was used to measure the covariance between Social Capital and Health Locus of Control. We hypothesized that women with strong social capital, particularly those rich in bridging ties, would exhibit a greater sense of agency and empowerment over their health, attributing their health outcomes less to internal factors like fate and more to external influences like powerful others and broader social support. However, we found that when women have higher social capital, their external health locus of control increases. Bridging and bonding social capital lower women's internal health control, but bridging social capital leads to higher attributes to powerful others. Likewise, we expected women with more social capital would exhibit a lower perception of uncontrollability over their health, but is not the case. The findings underscore the necessity for women to have more social capital.

The rising middle-class of the developing nations is found to be emphasizing more on the acquisition of goods and property in the pursuit of the good life. This often leads towards the materialistic value-orientation and form materialism. Religiosity, conversely, implies restraining from the earthy pleasure in the form of happy life, and often imposes prohibitory behavioral rules in the economic sphere. Hence, ‘Materialism’ and ‘Religiosity’ are two of the most incompatible yet dominant components of normative value-systems that are always in contention with each other. Literature is abundant to relate ‘Emotional Connection’, ‘Subjective Well-Being’, ‘Happiness’ or ‘Life Satisfaction’ with that of ‘Materialism’ and ‘Religiosity’; nonetheless, what is hardly addressed is the effect of materialistic value-orientation to the religiosity in the transitional societies. This paper investigates materialism and religiosity in the developing economy context like Bangladesh and outlines the underlying relationships between the constructs. A survey on a sample of four hundred and twelve (412) respondents using self-administered questionnaires is the source of quantitative information that is used to formulate the tentative explanations of the variables of interest. Age is considered as a moderator. A negative relationship between the level of materialism and religiosity is found, if materialism is considered as a reflective construct, and religiosity is treated as a second-order formative construct in the structural equation modeling.

The lower-class segment of the population of the developing nations often fails to form meaningful social relations and remain disengaged from essential social institutions. The research examines those people who live in refugee-camp and sullied slum of Dhaka city and inspect how much they are socially isolated. Certain characteristics, taken as indicators to test the level of social isolation, indicate that a large segment of camp and slum dwellers are feeling isolated. However, the evidence shows no differences in the predicted direction with respect to the objective demographic variables; nonetheless, a pattern of perceived social isolation was found from the survey data.