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Linda Giresini
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering (DICI) University of Pisa Pisa Italy

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Research article
Published: 26 July 2021 in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
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The dynamic stability of out-of-plane masonry walls can be assessed through non-linear dynamic analysis (rocking analysis), accounting for transverse walls, horizontal diaphragms and tie-rods. Steel tie-rods are widely spread in historical constructions to prevent dangerous overturning mechanisms and can be simulated by proper elasto-plastic models. Conventionally, design guidelines suggest intensity-based assessment methods, where the seismic demand distribution directly depends upon the selected intensity measure level. Fragility analysis could also be employed as a more advanced procedure able to assess the seismic vulnerability in a probabilistic manner. The boundedness of this approach is herein overcome by applying a robust stochastic seismic performance assessment to obtain seismic demand hazard curves. A sensitivity study is carried out to account for the influence of wall geometry, the minimum number of seismic inputs, and the mechanical parameters of tie-rods. Fragility analysis, prior to seismic demand hazard analysis is applied on over 6000 analyses, revealing that intensity measures are poorly correlated both for 1-D and 2-D correlation, hardly leading to the selection of the optimal intensity measure. The tie-rod ductility, followed by its axial strength and wall size, is the mechanical parameter mostly influencing the results, whereas the wall slenderness does not play a significant role in the probabilistic response.

ACS Style

Fabio Solarino; Linda Giresini. Fragility curves and seismic demand hazard analysis of rocking walls restrained with elasto‐plastic ties. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Fabio Solarino, Linda Giresini. Fragility curves and seismic demand hazard analysis of rocking walls restrained with elasto‐plastic ties. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Solarino; Linda Giresini. 2021. "Fragility curves and seismic demand hazard analysis of rocking walls restrained with elasto‐plastic ties." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Engineering Structures
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A methodology to quantitatively assess the improvement of seismic and energy performance of masonry buildings through retrofitting interventions is here proposed. The approach is developed at mesoscale level, considering entire façades with openings and taking into account Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The costs of retrofitting interventions that couple effects of seismic and thermal improvement (called integrated interventions/approaches) are different whether only the construction phase or the entire life cycle of the building is considered. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate at what extent it is correct to neglect LCA in the analysis of integrated approaches. In this paper, the analysis of three masonry façades is performed with and without LCA. Traditional (insulating panels, diatons, ferro-cement) and more innovative interventions (carbon and glass fiber reinforced polymer composites) are considered. For the comparison, isocost and isoperformance curves, which determine both the economic (Euros) and environmental costs (kg CO2eq) for each intervention, are discussed. The comparison shows the necessity of always considering LCA for a reliable assessment: some retrofitting interventions are the most expensive in the construction phase but they result the most convenient in economic terms and in the amount of CO2eq emissions.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Flavio Stochino; Mauro Sassu. Economic vs environmental isocost and isoperformance curves for the seismic and energy improvement of buildings considering Life Cycle Assessment. Engineering Structures 2021, 233, 111923 .

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Flavio Stochino, Mauro Sassu. Economic vs environmental isocost and isoperformance curves for the seismic and energy improvement of buildings considering Life Cycle Assessment. Engineering Structures. 2021; 233 ():111923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Flavio Stochino; Mauro Sassu. 2021. "Economic vs environmental isocost and isoperformance curves for the seismic and energy improvement of buildings considering Life Cycle Assessment." Engineering Structures 233, no. : 111923.

Original article
Published: 18 February 2021 in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
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This paper presents an innovative anti-seismic device for controlling the out-of-plane rocking motion of masonry walls with traditional tie-rods, called LInear COntrolled Rocking Device (LICORD). LICORD is a low-impact box connected to the extremity of the traditional tie-rod designed to mitigate rocking for medium–high intensity earthquakes. Additionally, the paper widens the knowledge about the dynamic behavior of rocking walls through the interpretation of the results of an extensive experimental campaign performed on masonry specimens composed by clay brick and cementitious mortar. Firstly, the LICORD’s single components are tested to identify their stiffness and damping properties. Secondly, free vibration tests provide actual values of coefficients of restitution on free-standing walls and walls restrained by LICORD, where the walls vary for the height to thickness ratio. For the stockier wall, the ratio of experimental/analytical coefficient of restitution varies from 88 to 98%, whereas for the slender wall, the results are less scattered, with a minimum value of 95% and a maximum value of 96%. The restrained walls are characterized by coefficients of restitution from 5 to 25% less than the values found for unrestrained walls, depending on the equivalent viscous coefficient of the shock absorbers. Moreover, LICORD demonstrated to properly absorb and damp the oscillations of the wall and control its rocking motion, strongly reducing the number of impacts and the rotation amplitudes up to 70%. Considerations about the effect of one-sided motion on the assessment of coefficient of restitution are also given. The equivalent viscous damping coefficients are observed to be on the range 4% (unrestrained wall) and 7–20% for walls restrained by LICORD.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Fabio Solarino; Francesca Taddei; Gerhard Mueller. Experimental estimation of energy dissipation in rocking masonry walls restrained by an innovative seismic dissipator (LICORD). Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2021, 19, 2265 -2289.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Fabio Solarino, Francesca Taddei, Gerhard Mueller. Experimental estimation of energy dissipation in rocking masonry walls restrained by an innovative seismic dissipator (LICORD). Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2021; 19 (5):2265-2289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Fabio Solarino; Francesca Taddei; Gerhard Mueller. 2021. "Experimental estimation of energy dissipation in rocking masonry walls restrained by an innovative seismic dissipator (LICORD)." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 5: 2265-2289.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2020 in Buildings
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The combination of structural and thermal efficiency is a new frontier in civil engineering. Indeed, the retrofitting strategies should optimize costs and technical solutions from these two points of view. If a technical solution is able to provide an improvement of both structural and energetic behavior, then the utility of the intervention can better justify the economic investment. In this paper, a meso-scale approach (i.e., façade-scale) for integrated interventions applied on masonry façades is proposed. The structural performance of the façade is evaluated by considering base shear and ductility of the structural element through non-linear static analyses. Moreover, the thermal indicator, that is the thermal transmittance, is computed with a simplified approach in terms of an equivalent wall, taking into account the role of the windows and doors of the façade. As proof of concept, the procedure is applied to a façade of an existing masonry building. Economic and environmental iso-cost curves are obtained to tune the interventions conceived for a real case study, analyzing the benefit offered by different retrofitting solutions.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Simona Paone; Mauro Sassu. Integrated Cost-Analysis Approach for Seismic and Thermal Improvement of Masonry Building Façades. Buildings 2020, 10, 143 .

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Simona Paone, Mauro Sassu. Integrated Cost-Analysis Approach for Seismic and Thermal Improvement of Masonry Building Façades. Buildings. 2020; 10 (8):143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Simona Paone; Mauro Sassu. 2020. "Integrated Cost-Analysis Approach for Seismic and Thermal Improvement of Masonry Building Façades." Buildings 10, no. 8: 143.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2020 in Materials and Structures
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This study deals with the identification of the mechanical behavior of chemical anchors embedded in masonry walls. 108 pull-out tests are carried out in five types of masonry walls built with clay brick or vertically perforated units with cement mortar. Different parameters are taken into account: embedment depths, masonry type, anchor position (injection either in brick units or in mortar joints). The axial load capacity and the failure mode are observed for each test. The results are examined by means of elastic and plastic models assessing the efficiency of anchors installed in headers, stretchers or mortar joints. The anchors injected in mortar joints are shown to have much greater pull-out capacity than that found for anchors in bricks. Passing from 90 to 160 mm of embedment depth, a minimum increase by 40% of pull-out strength is observed. The most common failure modes are the sliding failure, which occurs for short anchors or weak masonry, and mixed sliding/cone failure, for long anchors or strong masonry. An analytical model is proposed to design anchors in order to avoid or at least to limit brittle masonry failures and to identify the field of application of uniform stress models.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Mario Lucio Puppio; Francesca Taddei. Experimental pull-out tests and design indications for strength anchors installed in masonry walls. Materials and Structures 2020, 53, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Mario Lucio Puppio, Francesca Taddei. Experimental pull-out tests and design indications for strength anchors installed in masonry walls. Materials and Structures. 2020; 53 (4):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Mario Lucio Puppio; Francesca Taddei. 2020. "Experimental pull-out tests and design indications for strength anchors installed in masonry walls." Materials and Structures 53, no. 4: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2019 in Engineering Structures
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A novel isolation device is introduced to seismically protect slender structures or historic assets within the philosophy of Damage Avoidance Design (DAD). This device is conceived to allow smooth, controlled and damped rocking thanks to spherical contact surfaces, elastic springs which ensure re-centering, frictional layers and viscous elastic dampers able to dissipate energy during motion. The conceptual framework of the device is analyzed, and corresponding equations of motions obtained for the equivalent two degrees-of-freedom system. The proposed Performance Based Approach allows identifying geometric and mechanical features of the system. Extensive dynamic analyses with spectra-compatible ground motions are performed and the primary contribution of friction, developed by the relative slip of the two spherical surfaces, is discussed. Finally, the dynamic response under selected earthquakes is evaluated by comparing the isolated and the corresponding not isolated response, to highlight the beneficial effects produced by the proposed isolation technique.

ACS Style

Maurizio Froli; Linda Giresini; Francesco Laccone. Dynamics of a new seismic isolation device based on tribological smooth rocking (TROCKSISD). Engineering Structures 2019, 193, 154 -169.

AMA Style

Maurizio Froli, Linda Giresini, Francesco Laccone. Dynamics of a new seismic isolation device based on tribological smooth rocking (TROCKSISD). Engineering Structures. 2019; 193 ():154-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maurizio Froli; Linda Giresini; Francesco Laccone. 2019. "Dynamics of a new seismic isolation device based on tribological smooth rocking (TROCKSISD)." Engineering Structures 193, no. : 154-169.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
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The corner mechanism in masonry structures is one of the out-of-plane modes that may frequently occur under dynamic actions such as earthquakes. The three dimensional motion, in principle complex to treat, can be simplified into a two-dimensional problem, where a prismatic equivalent block is associated to the corner mechanism. This paper provides a method to treat the corner mechanism in two dimensional rocking analysis, taking into account the roof actions – especially the roof thrust that acts as destabilizing force in the preliminary phases of motion – and the boundary conditions such as the transverse walls. A case study is taken as benchmark to perform rocking non-linear analyses and discuss the role of geometry, energy dissipation and boundary conditions. It is shown the relevant influence of the geometry and of the coefficient of restitution on the stability conditions, whenever the oscillation produce horizontal displacement values of some cm. The results of the case study, subjected to the Central Italy earthquake, are compared to the actual response of the corner mechanism, which collapsed during this seismic swarm, showing that the rocking analysis on the equivalent block correctly predicts the collapse occurred.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Fabio Solarino; Olivia Paganelli; Daniel V. Oliveira; Maurizio Froli. ONE-SIDED rocking analysis of corner mechanisms in masonry structures: Influence of geometry, energy dissipation, boundary conditions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2019, 123, 357 -370.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Fabio Solarino, Olivia Paganelli, Daniel V. Oliveira, Maurizio Froli. ONE-SIDED rocking analysis of corner mechanisms in masonry structures: Influence of geometry, energy dissipation, boundary conditions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2019; 123 ():357-370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Fabio Solarino; Olivia Paganelli; Daniel V. Oliveira; Maurizio Froli. 2019. "ONE-SIDED rocking analysis of corner mechanisms in masonry structures: Influence of geometry, energy dissipation, boundary conditions." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 123, no. : 357-370.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2018 in Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale
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ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu. An on-site teaching laboratory in a village damaged by the 2009 Abruzzo earthquake. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 2018, 12, 178 -189.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Mauro Sassu. An on-site teaching laboratory in a village damaged by the 2009 Abruzzo earthquake. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale. 2018; 12 (46):178-189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu. 2018. "An on-site teaching laboratory in a village damaged by the 2009 Abruzzo earthquake." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 12, no. 46: 178-189.

Research article
Published: 23 September 2018 in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
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In the out‐of‐plane assessment of rocking walls, a relevant and yet uncertain aspect is the influence of energy dissipated during motion due to impacts and restraints, such as a floor or tie rods. Therefore, in situ rocking tests on unrestrained and restrained unreinforced masonry walls, made of composite (rubble + blockwork) masonry, were performed and analyzed. The restraint is given by steel springs of assigned stiffness, simulating a floor connected to full‐scale (4 × 1 × 0.6 m3) specimens from a dismantling building. The specimens are displaced from a static equilibrium position and released, allowing to evaluate energy dissipation. The coefficient of restitution is estimated as the square root of consecutive peak velocities of the same sign, to take into account nonhomogeneities in walls. For unrestrained walls, experimental coefficients of restitution vary between 81 and 88% of analytical ones, confirming the latter as conservative. For restrained configurations, experimental coefficients of restitution are between 74% and 83% of analytical values of unrestrained walls. Hence, an additional energy damping can be ascribed to the springs. Equivalent viscous damping ratios of a nonlinear rocking system are calculated by considering a velocity logarithmic decrement, resulting between 6% and 8% (unrestrained condition) and between 8% and 10% (restrained condition). An analytical formula is proposed for estimating the coefficient of restitution for restrained walls if the dynamic properties of the unrestrained wall and the horizontal restraint are known. Finally, the relevance of a refined estimation of energy dissipation is discussed by means of numerical time history analyses.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu; Luigi Sorrentino. In situ free-vibration tests on unrestrained and restrained rocking masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2018, 47, 3006 -3025.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Mauro Sassu, Luigi Sorrentino. In situ free-vibration tests on unrestrained and restrained rocking masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2018; 47 (15):3006-3025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu; Luigi Sorrentino. 2018. "In situ free-vibration tests on unrestrained and restrained rocking masonry walls." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 47, no. 15: 3006-3025.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Engineering Structures
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This paper deals with the need of extending results of deterministic rocking analyses to stochastic analyses on restrained masonry façades in one-sided motion. The purpose is to define the level of improvement achieved with any anti-seismic device of a given stiffness and strength, in terms of reduction of probability of exceedance of a certain limit state. The most efficient intensity measures (IMs) are identified for three masonry façades of churches in free and restrained conditions. A reliability analysis is carried out by considering over 70 earthquakes, of which 50 recorded during the recent 2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake. Four limit states are taken into account: rocking initiation, limited rocking, moderate rocking and near-collapse condition. The yielding limit state is considered for the analysis with anti-seismic devices. Univariate and bivariate fragility curves (FCs) are compared in free and restrained configurations, to discuss the reduction of probability of exceedance depending on 15 intensity measures. The results show that the best IMs are velocity-based parameters, in particular the Fajfar Index and Peak Ground Velocity, together with Peak Ground Acceleration. In one-sided motion without restraints, the higher the compression stiffness of the sidewalls, the more unstable the wall is in probabilistic terms. Practical curves show, for each IM, the reduction of probability of exceedance obtained thanks to assumed horizontal restraints. These help to understand, in a stochastic perspective, to what extent the anti-seismic device can be beneficial or detrimental (in case of amplifications of motion) for given earthquake intensities. The comparison of univariate and bivariate FCs confirms the superiority of bivariate FCs. Indeed, often the univariate curves sensitively underestimate the probability of exceedance, especially for low-medium intensity earthquakes, and are not able to offer any information regarding the influence of other IMs.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Claudia Casapulla; Roman Denysiuk; Jose Matos; Mauro Sassu. Fragility curves for free and restrained rocking masonry façades in one-sided motion. Engineering Structures 2018, 164, 195 -213.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Claudia Casapulla, Roman Denysiuk, Jose Matos, Mauro Sassu. Fragility curves for free and restrained rocking masonry façades in one-sided motion. Engineering Structures. 2018; 164 ():195-213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Claudia Casapulla; Roman Denysiuk; Jose Matos; Mauro Sassu. 2018. "Fragility curves for free and restrained rocking masonry façades in one-sided motion." Engineering Structures 164, no. : 195-213.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2017 in Buildings
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This paper examines the dynamic behaviour of timber framed buildings under wind and dynamic loads, focusing on the role of connections being experimentally tested. The main aim of this manuscript is to analyze the in-service dynamic behaviour of a semi-rigid moment-resisting dowel-type connection between timber beam and column. For this purpose, two laboratory tests have been performed, the first on a connection and another one on a portal frame. The results are used to validate a numerical model of the simple portal frame, analyzed in OpenSees. The obtained relationships are also discussed and compared with Eurocode rules. The main result is that the joint stiffness is calculated through the Eurocode (EC) formulation underestimates the experimental one. A mutual agreement is obtained between the numerical model, validated from the experimental stiffness value for the connections, and the experimental results on the portal frame.

ACS Style

Fabio Solarino; Linda Giresini; Wen-Shao Chang; Haoyu Huang. Experimental Tests on a Dowel-Type Timber Connection and Validation of Numerical Models. Buildings 2017, 7, 116 .

AMA Style

Fabio Solarino, Linda Giresini, Wen-Shao Chang, Haoyu Huang. Experimental Tests on a Dowel-Type Timber Connection and Validation of Numerical Models. Buildings. 2017; 7 (4):116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Solarino; Linda Giresini; Wen-Shao Chang; Haoyu Huang. 2017. "Experimental Tests on a Dowel-Type Timber Connection and Validation of Numerical Models." Buildings 7, no. 4: 116.

Article
Published: 04 August 2017 in Buildings
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The assessment of the rocking and overturning response of rigid blocks to earthquakes is a complex task, due to its high sensitivity to the input motion, variations in geometry and dissipation issues. This paper presents a literature review dealing with classical and advanced approaches on rocking motion with particular reference to masonry walls characterized by a monolithic behavior. Firstly, the pioneering work of Housner based on the concept of the inverted pendulum is discussed in terms of the most significant parameters, i.e., the size and slenderness of the blocks, the coefficient of restitution and ground motion properties. Free and restrained rocking blocks are considered. Then, static force-based approaches and performance-based techniques, mostly based on limit analysis theory, are presented to highlight the importance of investigating the evolution of the rocking mechanisms by means of pushover curves characterized by negative stiffness. From a dynamic perspective, a review of probabilistic approaches is also presented, evaluating the cumulative probability of exceedance of any response level by considering different earthquake time histories. Some recent simplified approaches based on the critical rocking response and the worst-case scenario are illustrated, as well.

ACS Style

Claudia Casapulla; Linda Giresini; Paulo B. Lourenço. Rocking and Kinematic Approaches for Rigid Block Analysis of Masonry Walls: State of the Art and Recent Developments. Buildings 2017, 7, 69 .

AMA Style

Claudia Casapulla, Linda Giresini, Paulo B. Lourenço. Rocking and Kinematic Approaches for Rigid Block Analysis of Masonry Walls: State of the Art and Recent Developments. Buildings. 2017; 7 (3):69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Casapulla; Linda Giresini; Paulo B. Lourenço. 2017. "Rocking and Kinematic Approaches for Rigid Block Analysis of Masonry Walls: State of the Art and Recent Developments." Buildings 7, no. 3: 69.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2017 in Buildings
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The present paper deals with the influence of material variability on the seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings. Existing r.c. buildings are affected by a strong dispersion of material strengths of both the base materials. This influences the seismic response in linear and nonlinear static analysis. For this reason, it is useful to define a geometrical parameter called “material eccentricity”. As a reference model, an analysis of a two storey building is presented with a symmetrical plan but asymmetrical material distribution. Furthermore, an analysis of two real buildings with a similar issue is performed. Experimental data generate random material distributions to carry out a probabilistic analysis. By rotating the vector that defines the position of the center of strength it is possible to describe a strength domain that is characterized by equipotential lines in terms of the Risk Index. Material eccentricity is related to the Ultimate Shear of non-linear static analyses. This relevant uncertainty, referred to as the variation of the center of strength, is not considered in the current European and Italian Standards. The “material eccentricity” therefore reveals itself to be a relevant parameter to considering how material variability affects such a variation.

ACS Style

Mario Lucio Puppio; Martina Pellegrino; Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu. Effect of Material Variability and Mechanical Eccentricity on the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Buildings 2017, 7, 66 .

AMA Style

Mario Lucio Puppio, Martina Pellegrino, Linda Giresini, Mauro Sassu. Effect of Material Variability and Mechanical Eccentricity on the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Buildings. 2017; 7 (4):66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mario Lucio Puppio; Martina Pellegrino; Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu. 2017. "Effect of Material Variability and Mechanical Eccentricity on the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings." Buildings 7, no. 4: 66.

Articles
Published: 03 April 2017 in Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
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The ‘Triple R’ approach on the restoration of dry stone walls, using recognizable, reversible and respectful constructive techniques is here illustrated. A set of restoration procedures are explained and applied to a UNESCO World Heritage site in Al-Baleed (Salalah, Sultanate of Oman) in the ‘Land of Frankincense’. The procedures were adapted in an innovative way to take into account the climate features of the Indian Ocean area (specifically, the effects of the monsoon season). All the restoration procedures aimed at conserving the site’s original architectural features by using only suitable stones and materials found on-site. Specific procedures have been adopted to consolidate walls, gates, foundations and sloping surfaces. Simple on-site mechanical tests and evaluation methods have been developed for a quick assessment of the safety level of the restored walls to ease future archaeological excavations. The application is related to a waterfront side of the ancient city built around the ninth century and added to over the next five centuries. These restoration procedures allowed for further archaeological excavations with new findings is here described.

ACS Style

Mauro Sassu; Juris Zarins; Linda Giresini; Lynne Newton. The ‘Triple R’ Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2017, 19, 106 -125.

AMA Style

Mauro Sassu, Juris Zarins, Linda Giresini, Lynne Newton. The ‘Triple R’ Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites. 2017; 19 (2):106-125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauro Sassu; Juris Zarins; Linda Giresini; Lynne Newton. 2017. "The ‘Triple R’ Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman." Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 19, no. 2: 106-125.

Book chapter
Published: 01 March 2017 in Wood in Civil Engineering
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This paper reports the results of an experimental campaign performed at the University of Tokyo on cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels subjected to lateral loads. Analytical and numerical interpretations are provided as well, comparing the experimental analysis results with two methods: firstly, an analytical method to preliminarily evaluate the ultimate strength of the four panels, based on the geometrical dimensions of the openings and of the panel; secondly, a finite element model has been developed in order to provide some guidelines for calculating the stiffness and elastic behaviour of CLT panels subjected to lateral loads. The experimental tests showed that the CLT panels are as more brittle and stiffer as more the difference between the total panel area and the fenestrated area is high. The presence of large openings determined stress concentration at the corners where failure occurred for the attainment of the maximum tension strength in the inner layer. The proposed analytical formulation was shown to fairly closely predict the ultimate strength of panels with same geometry, characteristics and boundary condition, allowing preliminary information of this relevant parameter

ACS Style

Valeria Awad; Linda Giresini; Mikio Koshihara; Mario Lucio Puppio; Mario Lucio Puppio And Mauro Sassu. Experimental Analyses and Numerical Models of CLT Shear Walls under Cyclic Loading. Wood in Civil Engineering 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Valeria Awad, Linda Giresini, Mikio Koshihara, Mario Lucio Puppio, Mario Lucio Puppio And Mauro Sassu. Experimental Analyses and Numerical Models of CLT Shear Walls under Cyclic Loading. Wood in Civil Engineering. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Awad; Linda Giresini; Mikio Koshihara; Mario Lucio Puppio; Mario Lucio Puppio And Mauro Sassu. 2017. "Experimental Analyses and Numerical Models of CLT Shear Walls under Cyclic Loading." Wood in Civil Engineering , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2016 in Buildings
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The paper deals with the use of vibro-compressed units with bio-natural components on construction. The proposed mix design of vibrated blocks consist of cork granules and/or hemp shives, with the aim to substitute polymeric elements or expanded clay, together with the use of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) as binder. An experimental campaign is presented, with mechanical tests to evaluate the influence of each component on flexural and compression behavior. The proposal is also investigated from a productive point of view, considering how it can be harmonized in the productive process of lightweight aggregate concrete units without modifications in the productive process. The tested elements could perform a certain reduction of the carbon impact, maintaining interesting mechanical properties. The application of the proposed units in several contexts, as separating elements joined with structural components, is considered to improve rehabilitation or to obtain higher performances in buildings.

ACS Style

Mauro Sassu; Linda Giresini; Elisa Bonannini; Mario Lucio Puppio. On the Use of Vibro-Compressed Units with Bio-Natural Aggregate. Buildings 2016, 6, 40 .

AMA Style

Mauro Sassu, Linda Giresini, Elisa Bonannini, Mario Lucio Puppio. On the Use of Vibro-Compressed Units with Bio-Natural Aggregate. Buildings. 2016; 6 (3):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauro Sassu; Linda Giresini; Elisa Bonannini; Mario Lucio Puppio. 2016. "On the Use of Vibro-Compressed Units with Bio-Natural Aggregate." Buildings 6, no. 3: 40.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2016 in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
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The paper deals with the behavior of restrained rocking blocks under seismic actions. Structural or non-structural masonry or r.c. elements, such as building façades or pre-cast panels subjected to out-of-plane modes, may be assimilated to rocking blocks restrained by horizontal springs. Horizontal restraints can represent flexible floors or steel anchorages or any anti-seismic device designed to impede overturning probability. Their effect could improve, in most cases, the dynamic response of blocks in terms of reduction of rotation amplitude. Nevertheless, this effectiveness could vanish or, surprisingly, affect the response in negative way, resulting in overturning when low values of stiffness or one-sided motion in particular conditions are assumed. Two cases of horizontal restraints are analyzed: (1) concentrated restraint as single spring and (2) smeared restraint as spring bed with constant or linearly variable stiffness. The single stabilizing or destabilizing terms of the formulation are here analyzed and commented, providing practical evaluations to obtain enhancement of response in static and dynamic perspective. A numerical example of a masonry façade with non-linear boundary conditions has been provided highlighting how the choice of stiffness values affects the oscillatory motion and rebound effects. Finally, unit stiffness for masonry/concrete walls and retrofitting techniques, such as steel tie-rods, has been calculated.

ACS Style

Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu. Horizontally restrained rocking blocks: evaluation of the role of boundary conditions with static and dynamic approaches. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2016, 15, 385 -410.

AMA Style

Linda Giresini, Mauro Sassu. Horizontally restrained rocking blocks: evaluation of the role of boundary conditions with static and dynamic approaches. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2016; 15 (1):385-410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linda Giresini; Mauro Sassu. 2016. "Horizontally restrained rocking blocks: evaluation of the role of boundary conditions with static and dynamic approaches." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 1: 385-410.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2016 in Materials
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Experimental tests and constructive assessments are presented for a simple bamboo framed structure with innovative low-cost and low technology joints, specifically conceived for small buildings in developing countries. Two full scale one-storey bamboo frames have been designed by using the simplest joints solution among three different tested typologies. The entire building process is based on low-technology and natural materials: bamboo canes, wooden cylinders, plywood plates and canapé rods. The first full scale specimen (Unit A) is a one-storey single deck truss structure subjected to monotonic collapse test; the second full scale specimen (Unit B) is a one-storey double deck truss structure used to evaluate the construction time throughout assembling tests. The first full scale specimen showed ductility in collapse and ease in strengthening; the second one showed remarkable ease and speed in assembling structural elements. Finally several constructive solutions are suggested for the design of simple one-storey buildings; they are addressed to four purposes (housing, school, chapel, health center) by the composition of the proposed full scale bamboo frames. Ease of use and maintenance with a low level of technology contribute to application in developing countries although not exclusively.

ACS Style

Mauro Sassu; Anna De Falco; Linda Giresini; Mario Lucio Puppio. Structural Solutions for Low-Cost Bamboo Frames: Experimental Tests and Constructive Assessments. Materials 2016, 9, 346 .

AMA Style

Mauro Sassu, Anna De Falco, Linda Giresini, Mario Lucio Puppio. Structural Solutions for Low-Cost Bamboo Frames: Experimental Tests and Constructive Assessments. Materials. 2016; 9 (5):346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauro Sassu; Anna De Falco; Linda Giresini; Mario Lucio Puppio. 2016. "Structural Solutions for Low-Cost Bamboo Frames: Experimental Tests and Constructive Assessments." Materials 9, no. 5: 346.