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Dr. Christine Große
Mid Sweden University

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Collective Intelligence
0 Critical Infrastructure Protection
0 Governance
0 Information Security
0 Policy Analysis

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Short Biography

Christine Große holds a PhD from the Mid Sweden University and works within the Department of Information Systems and Technology. Her research interests concern critical infrastructure and its protection, especially in the contexts of national energy supply, transportation and communication. Special interest is on complex systems-of-systems and related implications for risk analysis, emergency preparedness planning and information security in such environments. She also has a MSc in information security from the Luleå University of Technology, Sweden and a BSc in business informatics from the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany.

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Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Infrastructures
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The protection of infrastructure that is critical to society’s functionality, survival and progression has gained significance because of its large-scale and interdependent nature. This complex system-of-system (SoS) imposes extensive requirements on governance efforts to foster critical infrastructure protection (CIP). This paper uses the kaleidoscope for integrative system analysis (KISA) to investigate a Swedish approach for CIP against power shortages, called Styrel . Based on multiple sources of evidence, such as documents with regard to the case, interviews and a survey with involved experts, the analysis focuses on the system of emergency planning and the usage of the resulting plan. The results deliver insights into the governance of the multi-level planning, including issues regarding policies, the management and operation of Styrel , and accelerating problems in the adaption, emergence and entropy of the SoS, during and between process iterations. Since this large-scale approach largely fails to involve the private sector to enhance the resilience of the society, this proceeding results in uncalculated consequences. In addition, the current design of the approach hampers transparency and evaluation, which poses obstacles to the cultivation of mutual trust, collective learning and a shared understanding as well as proper risk communication with the wider public.

ACS Style

Christine Große. Multi-Level Planning for Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Resilience against Power Shortages—An Analysis of the Swedish System of Styrel. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 71 .

AMA Style

Christine Große. Multi-Level Planning for Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Resilience against Power Shortages—An Analysis of the Swedish System of Styrel. Infrastructures. 2021; 6 (5):71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Große. 2021. "Multi-Level Planning for Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Resilience against Power Shortages—An Analysis of the Swedish System of Styrel." Infrastructures 6, no. 5: 71.

Conference paper
Published: 28 June 2020 in Communications in Computer and Information Science
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Because of the increase in the number and scope of information security incidents, proper management has recently gained importance for public and private organizations. Further challenges in this area have resulted from new regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems (NIS), as well as a tendency to outsource vital services to subcontractors. This study addresses the lack of empirical studies in the field and focuses on information security incident management at information technology (IT) consulting firms. Specifically, it examines challenges due to their exposed position and new regulations. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides valuable insight into the experiences and challenges of Swedish IT consulting firms. Second, it proposes criteria for classifying an information security incident that can equip decision-makers with a solid and assessable basis for incident management. The results emphasize further improvements in employee awareness, incident classification, and systemic governance, thereby integrating corporate policy making, information security incident management, and information system leadership.

ACS Style

Christine Große; Maja Nyman; Leif Sundberg. Information Technology Consulting Firms’ Readiness for Managing Information Security Incidents. Communications in Computer and Information Science 2020, 48 -73.

AMA Style

Christine Große, Maja Nyman, Leif Sundberg. Information Technology Consulting Firms’ Readiness for Managing Information Security Incidents. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 2020; ():48-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Große; Maja Nyman; Leif Sundberg. 2020. "Information Technology Consulting Firms’ Readiness for Managing Information Security Incidents." Communications in Computer and Information Science , no. : 48-73.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Safety Science
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Failures in the power supply threaten the safety of developed countries, as they are increasingly dependent on electricity to maintain important societal functions through critical infrastructure. To protect electricity-dependent critical infrastructure, Sweden has implemented a multi-level planning, called Styrel, which involves national-, regional- and local-level actors. This study focuses on interactions among key actors and their roles in the planning as well as the Swedish crisis management system. With evidence from interviews and a survey among the actors, analyses indicate blind spots in the current proceeding, such as the reliance of the outcome of the process on the actors’ commitment to achieve a common understanding of the importance of infrastructure assets and participate in collaborations. This paper reveals that actors lack awareness, knowledge, capability and resources to fulfil their roles in the national planning for critical infrastructure protection. By highlighting interrelations, this study contributes to the international discussion of identification, prioritisation and protection of critical infrastructure to mitigate consequences of power failures for a depending society.

ACS Style

Christine Große; Pär Olausson. Blind spots in interaction between actors in Swedish planning for critical infrastructure protection. Safety Science 2019, 118, 424 -434.

AMA Style

Christine Große, Pär Olausson. Blind spots in interaction between actors in Swedish planning for critical infrastructure protection. Safety Science. 2019; 118 ():424-434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Große; Pär Olausson. 2019. "Blind spots in interaction between actors in Swedish planning for critical infrastructure protection." Safety Science 118, no. : 424-434.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Special Issue on COVID-19
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How do European Union (EU) member states communicate risks to their citizens? In this study, we define risk communication as the information provided by different levels of government to citizens regarding possible future crises to which the general public might be subjected. We seek to answer the following questions: Are there any patterns in the risk communication strategies among EU member states in terms of the sender of information, the message conveyed, the method used, and the intended audience? Finally, to what extent is the state involved in ensuring the safety of its citizens? To tackle these questions, we examine the risk communication strategy of eight countries: Sweden, Finland, Germany, England, France, Estonia, Greece, and Cyprus. Our data consist of governmental web sites, publications, campaigns, and other modes of communication, such as videos posted on YouTube, with questions centering on institutional actors, methods of delivery, content, and effectiveness. We find that the institutional architecture of risk communication aligns with the broad administrative system of each member state. Countries tend to focus on risks that are specific to their context, with Sweden and, to a lesser extent, Germany having a special focus on consequences and providing guidelines to the public on how to survive for a certain period of time in the absence of the state. Especially in Sweden, though the state is a salient actor in risk communication through the dissemination of information at the agency level, the state retreats while urging the resilient citizen to take control of his or her own crisis management.

ACS Style

Evangelia Evangelia Petridou, Mid Sweden University; Erna Erna Danielsson, Mid Sweden University; Anna Anna Olofsson, Mid Sweden University; Minna Minna Lundgren, Mid Sweden University; Christine Christine Große, Mid Sweden University. If Crisis or War Comes: A Study of Risk Communication of Eight European Union Member States. Special Issue on COVID-19 2019, 2, 207 -232.

AMA Style

Evangelia Evangelia Petridou, Mid Sweden University, Erna Erna Danielsson, Mid Sweden University, Anna Anna Olofsson, Mid Sweden University, Minna Minna Lundgren, Mid Sweden University, Christine Christine Große, Mid Sweden University. If Crisis or War Comes: A Study of Risk Communication of Eight European Union Member States. Special Issue on COVID-19. 2019; 2 (2):207-232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evangelia Evangelia Petridou, Mid Sweden University; Erna Erna Danielsson, Mid Sweden University; Anna Anna Olofsson, Mid Sweden University; Minna Minna Lundgren, Mid Sweden University; Christine Christine Große, Mid Sweden University. 2019. "If Crisis or War Comes: A Study of Risk Communication of Eight European Union Member States." Special Issue on COVID-19 2, no. 2: 207-232.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL)
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ACS Style

Christine Große; Pär M. Olausson; Susanne Wallman-Lundäsen. Blackout Ahead: Methodological Concerns in Studies of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL) 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Christine Große, Pär M. Olausson, Susanne Wallman-Lundäsen. Blackout Ahead: Methodological Concerns in Studies of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Große; Pär M. Olausson; Susanne Wallman-Lundäsen. 2019. "Blackout Ahead: Methodological Concerns in Studies of Critical Infrastructure Protection." Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL) , no. : 1.

Original articles
Published: 20 September 2017 in Journal of Risk Research
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With the growing importance of enhancing modern society’s resilience, planning for critical infrastructure protection has become essential. However, such national planning must contend with many types of uncertainty. This paper characterises sources of uncertainty that are associated with a lack of knowledge, as exemplified by Swedish planning of emergency power supplies. The planning under investigation concerns civil protection from the negative effects of a power shortage. A decision process is intended to support this national strategic management goal by identifying and prioritising electricity consumers who are critical to society at the local, regional and national levels. The analysis of related documentation yields three sources of uncertainty (S) interrelated with this multi-level planning (MLP) for emergency response: (S1) the planning process in general, (S2) the decision-making process in particular and (S3) the direction and guidance alongside these processes. Interviews with decision-makers reveal a detailed specification of these sources of uncertainty. The results thus provide a solid basis for further goal-directed improvement of national MLP approaches. Moreover, this specification contributes to scholarly debate on the systemic effects of sources of uncertainty due to a lack of knowledge. Lastly, the findings constitute a thinking framework that is suggested as a foundation for analytical work in similar complex planning environments as well as for evidence-based communication to the wider public concerning risks and resilience.

ACS Style

Christine Große. Sources of uncertainty in Swedish emergency response planning. Journal of Risk Research 2017, 22, 758 -772.

AMA Style

Christine Große. Sources of uncertainty in Swedish emergency response planning. Journal of Risk Research. 2017; 22 (6):758-772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Große. 2017. "Sources of uncertainty in Swedish emergency response planning." Journal of Risk Research 22, no. 6: 758-772.