Persistent organic pollutants and dyes cause major problems during ecofriendly wastewater treatment. To overcome this huge problem, several techniques have been considered and in practice for the safe disposal of organic pollutants in recent years; some of them are discussed and compared herein. This review focuses on new trends for wastewater treatment and compares them with certain other techniques alongside their pros and cons; adsorption is considered the safest among them. Adsorbents derived from agri-wastes have good capacity for the removal of these contaminants owing to their great sorption capacity, high reusability, easy operation, etc. Sometimes they need some modifications for the removal of dyes, which are also discussed in this review. This capacity of adsorbents to chelate dye molecules can be affected by factors, such as pH, the concentration of dyes and adsorbents, and temperature of the system. pH has direct influence on the ionization potential and charge on the outer surface of adsorbents. The findings on isotherms, kinetics, and desorption of plant waste-based biomaterials that are safe for the ecosystem and user friendly and are used for hazardous contaminant removal from water are summarized in this review. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are presented, and some other materials, such as CNTs and MOFs, are also discussed as efficient adsorbents for eliminating dyes from wastewater. Finally, it is predicted that the adsorption of dyes is a more feasible solution for this dye pollution problem.

To improve the efficacy of existing classes of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin), allow dose reduction, and minimize related toxicity, this study was executed because new target-oriented livestock antimicrobials are greatly needed to battle infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The present study aims to green synthesize a biocompatible nanohybrid of ciprofloxacin (CIP)-Ag/TiO₂/chitosan (CS). Silver and titanium nanoparticles were green synthesized using Moringa concanensis leaves extract. The incorporation of silver (Ag) nanoparticles onto the surface of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) was done by the wet chemical impregnation method, while the encapsulation of chitosan (CS) around Ag/TiO₂ conjugated with ciprofloxacin (CIP) was done by the ionic gelation method. The synthesized nanohybrid (CIP-Ag/TiO₂/CS) was characterized using standard techniques. The antibacterial potential, killing kinetics, cytotoxicity, drug release profile, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical agglomerated nanoparticles (NPs) of Ag/TiO₂ with particle sizes of 47–75 nm, and those of the CIP-Ag/TiO₂/CS nanohybrid were in range of 20–80 nm. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns of the hetero system transmitted diffraction peaks of anatase phase of TiO₂ and centered cubic metallic Ag crystals. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the Ti-O-Ag linkage in the nanohybrid. The zeta potential of CIP-Ag/TiO₂/CS nanohybrid was found (67.45 ± 1.8 mV), suggesting stable nanodispersion. The MIC of CIP-Ag/TiO₂/CS was 0.0512 μg/mL, which is much lower than the reference value recorded by the global CLSI system (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute). The CIP-Ag/TiO₂/CS nanohybrid was found to be effective against mastitis causing MDR E. coli; killing kinetics showed an excellent reduction of E. coli cells at 6 h of treatment. Flow cytometry further confirmed antibacterial potential by computing 67.87% late apoptosis feature at 6 h of treatment; antibiotic release kinetic revealed a sustained release of CIP. FESEM and TEM confirmed the structural damages in MDR E. coli (multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli). The CIP-Ag/TiO₂/CS nanohybrid was found to be biocompatible, as more than 93.08% of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells remained viable. The results provide the biological backing for the development of nanohybrid antibiotics at a lower MIC value to treat infectious diseases of cattle and improve the efficacy of existing classes of antibiotics by conjugation with nanoparticles.

A novel pressurized flow system for circular thin-layer chromatography (PC-TLC) has been successfully established and employed for the separation of amino acids, dyes, and pigments for safe medical imaging applications. In this system, the mobile phase is applied to a regular TLC plate through the tube and needle of an intravenous infusion set. The needle was fused in a hole underneath the center of the plate, while the second side end of the tube was connected to a microburette containing the solvent. This new assembly proved itself better in terms of separation time (within 5minutes) and controlled flow of the solvent and horizontal movement of analyte components over chromatograms with better separation and R_f values (glutamine: 0.26, valine: 0.44, phenylalanine: 0.60, chlorophyll a: 0.52, chlorophyll b: 0.43, xanthophyll: 0.18, carotenoid: 0.97, and pheophytin: 0.60) when a number of samples of amino acids, dyes, and pigments were separated by the developed apparatus and the conventional TLC procedure. The developed method was found distinctly rapid, precise, and eco-friendly (less solvent consuming) as compared to traditional ascending TLC.

Upcycling of banana peels agro-waste to control dye pollution by green chemistry.

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