Purpose. To evaluate the influence of systemic and ocular factors on the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in young Chinese subjects’ healthy eyes. Methods. The current observational, cross‐sectional study included 344 eyes from 172 healthy individuals (103 women, 69 men). Optical coherence tomography angiography realized with the split‐spectrum amplitude‐decorrelation angiography (SSADA) algorithm was used to assess the area of superficial FAZ. To determine the related factors and to reveal their potential correlations with the FAZ area, comprehensive examinations including both systemic and ocular ones were executed. Systemic examination involved factors including age, gender, and body mass index, while ocular examination involved factors including BCVA, refractive error, intraocular pressure, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thickness. Especially for fundus examination, central macular thickness (CMT), retinal volume, mean retinal thickness, macular blood flow area/vessel density in the superficial retinal layer (SRL) and deep retinal layer (DRL), mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, C/D rate, rim area, and subfoveal choroid thickness were assessed, using mixed‐effects regression models to appropriately account for intereye correlation. Subgroup analyses were performed based on gender and high myopia categories. Results. The mean FAZ area was 0.30 ± 0.11 mm² and varied significantly across gender (P = 0.0024). AL, CMT, and RNFL thickness were found significantly correlated with the FAZ area in the univariate regression analysis (AL, P = 0.0005; CMT, P < 0.0001; and RNFL thickness, P = 0.0461). According to the multivariate results, CMT and macular blood flow in SRL were negatively correlated with FAZ (CMT: P < 0.0001; macular blood flow in SRL: P = 0.00223). Mean retinal thickness, mean GCL thickness, and macular blood flow in DRL were positively correlated with FAZ (mean retinal thickness: P = 0.0005; mean GCL thickness: P < 0.0001; and macular blood flow in DRL: P = 0.0099). Correlation results among these filtered factors and FAZ were more pronounced in non‐high‐myopic eyes than in high‐myopic eyes and had a significant difference when data of male and female subjects were processed separately from each other. Conclusion. The present cross‐sectional study performed comprehensive systemic and ocular examinations in young Chinese adults and filtered factors affecting FAZ. We indicated that among all the assessed candidate factors, gender, AL, retinal thickness, macular blood flow, RNFL, and GCL thickness affected the FAZ area most significantly. Such findings would facilitate future research concerning the role of FAZ variation in fundus diseases.

Purposes: The purposes of this study were to (i) determine macular hole (MH) closure rates and visual outcomes by comparing two methods of managing traumatic MH (TMH)—an event resulting in severe loss of visual acuity (VA); (ii) characterize patients who undergo spontaneous TMH closure; (iii) determine which TMH patients should be observed before resorting to surgical repair; and (iv) elucidate factors that influence postoperative visual outcomes. Methods: Studies (n=10) of patients who were managed by surgery or observation for TMH were meta-analyzed retrospectively. Management modalities included surgical repair (surgery group) and observation for spontaneous hole closure (observation group). In addition, a 12-case series of articles (1990–2014) on spontaneous hole closure was statistically summarized. SAS and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) (version 3.0) were used for analysis. Results: For surgery group patients, the fixed-model pooled event rate for hole closure was 0.919 (range, 0.861–0.954) and for observation group patients, 0.368 (range, 0.236–0.448). The random-model pooled event rate for improvement of visual acuity (VA) for surgery group patients was 0.748 (range, 0.610–0.849) and for observation group patients, 0.505 (range, 0.397–0.613). For patients in both groups, the mean age of spontaneous closure was 18.71±10.64 years; mean size of TMHs, 0.18±0.06 decimal degrees (DD); and mean time for hole closure, 3.38±3.08 months. The pooled event rate for visual improvement was 0.748 (0.610–0.849). Conclusions: Hole closure and VA improvement rates of surgery group patients were significantly higher than those for observation group patients. Patients of ≤ 24 years of age with MH sizes of ≤ 0.2DD were more likely to achieve spontaneous hole closure. The interval of time from injury to surgery was statistically significantly associated with the level of visual improvement.

To evaluate the short-term influence of uncomplicated phacoemulsification on fundus structure and vasculature change.A total of 51 eyes from 51 patients with mild-to-moderate cataracts were include...

Background: To investigate different tamponade effects of intravitreal silicone oil (SO) and sterilized air on macular vasculature and structure after successful retinal repair for macular-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients. Method: 21 eyes (21 patients) with macular-on RRD underwent single pars plana vitrectomy following intravitreal SO or sterilized air (Gas) tamponade. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and angiography were used to evaluate retinal layer thickness and flow density (FD) changes throughout the observation period of 12 weeks. Retinal layers were segmented into 7 sets: NFL, GCL + IPL, INL, OPL, ONL + IS, OS+RPE and BRM. Macular perfusion system was segmented into superficial and deep capillary plexus flow density (SCPFD, DCPFD), and choriocapillaries plexus flow density (CCPFD). Result: Compared to Gas tamponade, SO tamponade led to more decrease in both superficial and deep retinal blood flow during observation. NFL thickness was found to decrease in both Gas tamponade and SO tamponade eyes. SO tamponade resulted in more pronounced decrease which led to significant intergroup difference. Opposite changing trends were found in GCL + IPL and ONL + IS thicknesses due to different means of tamponade. SO tamponade caused thicknesses of these two segmented layers to decrease, which led to significant intergroup differences. SO tamponade also led to more decrease in INL, OPL thicknesses. No significant intergroup difference of choroidal thickness was observed. Conclusion: Compared to gas, silicone oil could have more negative tamponade effects on both fundus vasculature and structure.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate metabolic changes in the aqueous humor of rabbits after the administration of glucocorticosteroids. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following three groups: control (intravitreal injection of sterile saline solution), TA (intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide), and DEX (subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone). Intraocular pressure (IOP), flash electroretinogram (FERG), and flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) were tested. The aqueous humor was acquired pre-injection and at 1 and 30 days post-injection. The samples were detected by (1)H NMR, and then the spectrum was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). A significant elevation of IOP was observed in the TA group (1, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days post-injection) and the DEX group (14, 21, and 30 days post-injection) compared to the controls (P < 0.01). In FERG, the amplitudes were decreased, and the implicit time was prolonged in the TA group at 7, 14, and 30 days post-injection compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In FVEP, the amplitudes were decreased, and the implicit time was prolonged in the TA group at 30 days post-injection (P < 0.05). The concentrations of 12 metabolites (including lipid, protein, sugar, antioxidant, and acute phase reaction protein) were significantly changed after intravitreal TA, while 11 metabolites were changed after subconjunctival DEX, compared to the controls. PCA showed that alanine and acetate were the highest value contributions, while sugar metabolism was the major metabolic difference between TA and DEX. The main metabolic change in the aqueous humor of rabbits after the administration of glucocorticosteroids is sugar metabolism, and the function of the retina and the optic nerve was impaired after intravitreal TA.

Purpose: We investigated the application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to quantify vascular perfusion in two animal models of choroidal melanoma. Methods: B16F10 and choroidal melanoma cell line (OCM1) melanoma xenografts were implanted into the cyclodialysis cleft of rabbits' right eyes. Fundus photography, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), B-mode ultrasound, and CEUS were used to examine the tumors. Standard vascular parameters of CEUS imaging were evaluated, including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), peak intensity (IMAX), mean transit time (mTT), rise time, and time to peak. Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Nemenyi tests and Bonferroni corrections were used to analyze the findings. Results: OCM1 and B16F10 animal models of choroidal melanoma were established. Tumor size was larger in the animals receiving B16F10 xenografts compared with the OCM1. Choroidal melanoma received a more abundant blood supply and had higher blood flow velocities than normal eye tissue. The animals receiving B16F10 xenografts had larger blood volume but smaller blood flow velocity compared with the OCM1 models. Vascular mimicry was present in seven of eight OCM1 tumors (87.5%). Growth and blood circulation patterns differed between OCM1 and B16F10 melanomas. Conclusions: CEUS could be used to noninvasively dynamically, and safely detect the microcirculation patterns, quantify blood circulation volume, and velocity in ocular melanoma in animal models. The blood circulation patterns of two models were different in both qualitatively and quantitative analysis under CEUS and ICGA.