After cellulose, lignin is the most commonly used natural polymer in green biomaterials. Pulp and paper mills and emerging cellulosic biorefineries are the main sources of technical lignin. However, only 2–5% of lignin has been converted into biomaterials. Making lignin-based polymer biocomposites to replace petroleum-based composites has piqued the interest of many researchers worldwide due to the positive environmental impact of traditional composites over time. In composite development, lignin is being used as a filler in commercial polymers to improve biodegradability and possibly lower production costs. As a natural polymer, lignin may have different properties depending on the isolation method and source, affecting polymer-based composites. The application has been affected by the characteristics of lignin and the uniform distribution of lignin in polymers. The review’s goal was to provide an overview of technical lignin extraction, properties, and its potential appropriate utilization. It was also planned to revisit the lignin-based composites’ preparation procedure as well as their composite characteristics. Solvent casting and extrusion methods are used to fabricate lignin from polymeric matrices such as polypropylene, epoxy, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid, starch, wood fiber, natural rubber, and chitosan. Packaging, biomedical materials, automotive, advanced biocomposites, flame retardant, and other applications for lignin-based composites has existed. As a result, the technology is still being refined to increase the performance of lignin-based biocomposites in several applications. This review could assist explain lignin’s position as a composite additive, which could lead to more efficient processing and application strategies.

Eucheuma cottonii waste seaweed has high cellulose content. Therefore, it could be potentially used as a raw material for biodegradable films to replace plastic. A plastic film is its moisture resistance, and this property allows plastic films to be used as packaging materials and biodegraded by microbes. This research aims to obtain a concentration of glycerol and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) to obtain the best biodegradable film characteristics from E. cottonii seaweed waste. This study was conducted in factorial by using a complete randomized block design with two factors: glycerol concentration and CMC concentration. Each treatment has three levels and three replications (3 × 3). The first factor was glycerol concentration: 0.25% (G1), 0.5% (G2), and 0.75% (G3). The second factor included concentrations of 1% CMC (C1), 2% CMC (C2), and 3% CMC (C3). Then, Tensile Strength (TS), thickness, solubility, and elongation were observed. Functional group analysis was conducted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and biodegradability test. The results showed that the addition of glycerol concentrations of 0.5 and 0.7% and CMC from 1 to 3% produced tensile strengths of 23–39 MPa. These values are proportional to the tensile strength of Poly Tetra Fluoro ethyne (PTFE) and Poly Propylene (PP) synthetic plastics released by Dotmar Engineering Plastics. The biodegradability test showed that the produced biodegradable films decomposed after 14 days.

Farm waste is one of the potential causes for environmental pollution if it is not handled properly. One effort is to utilize livestock waste in the form of animal waste, as raw material, for the biogas industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate type of biogas reactor and feasibility of cow manure agroindustrial biogas development in acattle fattening industries in South Lampung Regency in terms of technical and technological aspect. The results showed that based on the exponential comparison method the appropriate type of biogas reactor was Modified Lagoon Anaerobic Reactor Cover (CoLAR) with an MPE value of 5,701. The Modified CoLAR biogas reactor with capacity of 198,000 kg.day⁻¹ cow manure would produce 1,663.2 m^3..day⁻¹of biogas that equivalent to 1,093 m3.day⁻¹ of methane. Based on these results, it was known that the potential of electrical energy produced by the installation of biogaswas 5,136 kWh and 214 kW of electricity power.

Cellulose from the solid waste of seaweed Eucheuma cottonii is one of the wastes that can be used as raw material for making biodegradable films. The condition for making optimum conditions for making biodegradable film from E. cottonii with treatment of glycerol concentration (0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; and 1%), tapioca concentration (2; 4; 6; 8; and 10%) , carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) concentration (1; 2; 3; 4and 5%) and chitosan concentration (1; 2; 3; 4; and 5 The experimental design uses a surface response method with 4 replications. The analysis carried out consisted of elongation percent, tensile strength, solubility and biodegradable film using surface response method. The optimum value occurs in the process conditions using a concentration of glycerol of 0.162%, tapioca concentration of 3.78%, CMC concentration of 2.5% and chitosan concentration of 1.62% with tensile strength 95.013 Mpa, percent elongation of 8.92%, and solubility 80.62%.

Bamboo is one of the non-wood materials which can be utilized as raw materials of pulp. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the ratio of acetic acid:formic acid on the chemical properties of pulp from bamboo. The results of the study showed that increases of the ratio of formic acid able to degraded of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content and decreases the pulp yield. The best condition of this research showed on the ratio of acetic acid: formic acid = 90:10. This condition produced the pulp with composition consist are cellulose 66,98%, hemicelluloses 16,83%, and lignin 3,59%, with the yield of pulp is 42,279%