Dyes are one of the common contaminants in industrial wastewater. Adsorption is the most widely method which used to treat dye-contaminated water due to their easy use, cost-effectiveness, and their efficiency was high. The aim of this study is the investigating of the utilization of the activated carbon which prepared from Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) as a low cost adsorbent for removing of cationic Methylene Blue dye (MB)from wastewater. measuring the surface area using BET methods and SEM. The FT‒IR and XRD was measured. Different variables (e.g.: initial concentration of the dye, pH, contact time, and dosage) have been studied. Process has been systematically investigated experimentally at (25 ± 1 °C). The % removal of MB reached 99.4% after 90-min MB adsorption (40 mg/L) was observed within 5 min of contact time for the Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) dosage of 4 g/L. MB initial concentration (10 ppm) Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) effectively adsorbed MB (> 99%) over a widely range of pH (from pH 2 to pH 8). However, a swift decline in removal was observed when the pH was set at 7. The results of the adsorption kinetics analysis indicate a strong correlation with the pseudo-second-order model, as evidenced by the high regression coefficients. However, the adsorption capacity diminished with a rise in temperature. Thermodynamic calculations of (MB) onto Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) is an exothermic reaction. The results have been indicated that the effectiveness of MB removal by activated carbon prepared from Raphanus seeds solid residual is favorable under neutral conditions, Raphanus seeds solid residual (ACRS) can be considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, readily available, and economical adsorbent that could treat industrial wastewater contaminated with cationic textile dyes. The objective of the experiments was to investigate the impact of various factors on the response of a process or formulation. To accomplish this goal, response surface methodology (RSM) has employed as a statistical model. RSM is an efficient and effective method for optimizing processes through the use of a quadratic polynomial model. The utilization of RSM allows for a reduction in the number of experiments needed, thus minimizing the associated costs of extensive analysis. This method has been done using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize % removal of MB. The optimal conditions as obtained from the RSM is pH 7,contact time 120 min, initial concentration 10 ppm, ACRS dosage 1 g, adsorption temperature 45 °C.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺), a toxic pollutant in industrial wastewater, poses serious environmental and health risks. This study investigates H₃PO₄-treated palm frond-derived activated carbon (PFTACs) as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for Cr⁶⁺ removal. PFTACs achieved 99.64% removal efficiency within 90 min at 25 ± 1 °C, with strong performance across a pH range of 2–8. Surface analyses confirmed its mesoporous structure and high surface area, while FT-IR indicated physical adsorption as the dominant mechanism. The process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and fitted the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis showed an exothermic nature, with reduced adsorption at higher temperatures. These findings support PFTACs as an effective and environmentally friendly solution for Cr⁶⁺-contaminated water treatment.The novelty of this research lies in the development of H₃PO₄-treated palm frond-derived activated carbon (PFTACs) as an innovative, sustainable adsorbent for hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) removal. The use of palm fronds, an abundant agricultural waste, offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional adsorbents, contributing to both waste reduction and efficient pollutant removal in industrial wastewater.

The industry’s unregulated discharge of unprocessed trash is a major contributor to environmental contamination. Drinking water contaminated by heavy metals is a serious environmental and public health problem. Cadmium (Cd (II)) is one heavy metal frequently found in wastewater. Adsorption is the most widely used method for treating water contaminated with heavy metals due to its great performance, affordability, and ease of use. This work examined the potential for heavy metal adsorption in palm fronds, a chemically treated agricultural waste, using H₃PO₄-derived activated Carbon (also known as chemically treated Carbon from palm fronds, or CTCPFs) for Cd(II) adsorption. Extensive batch tests investigated the effects of pH, initial metal concentration, dosage of CTCPFs, and contract duration on adsorption at room Temperature (25 ± 1 °C). Using BET techniques, the surface area and porosity of the sample were measured, and the surface morphology was examined using SEM. FT-IR and XRD measurements were made. After 90 min, 99.65% of the Cd (II) had been removed. Cd (II) was efficiently adsorbed by CTCPFs (> 99%) at pH = 5,C₀ = 50 mg/l, CTCPFs dosage 1 g /250 ml at 45 ℃ and contact time 90 min. According to the findings, CTCPFs are a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly adsorbent that can treat heavy metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as impure water. They also show promise in removing Cd (II) under neutral conditions.

This paper threw some light on the behavior of SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate as an electrolyte. The effect of solvents on the conductance of this salt would be discussed via measurements of Λ_o, a_oand KA, since it can be assumed that the different solvents have a little chance to impose great variations on the solvation processes. The conductance method was chosen as a tool to illustrate the electrolyte-solvent interactions. Fuoss–Onsager equation would be tested using Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate in presence of dimethylformamide solvent at different temperatures. The conductance of dilute solutions of SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate is measured in Dimethylformamide, at different temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40 °C). Accurate values ofΛ_owere obtained by applying the (Fuoss–Kraus–Shedlovsky) equation. Finally, the (Fuoss–Onsager) equation was solved to give the correct values of the constantsΛ_o,J, K_Aand a° (the closest distance of approach) for SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate salt in Dimethylformamide solvent.Λ_oand a° (solvation) increase with increasing temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters (∆G°, ∆H°, ∆S° and ∆E_s) of SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate in Dimethylformamide were calculated from conductance measurements, the activation energy (∆E_s), the enthalpy change (heat of association) (∆H°) and the entropy change (∆S°) are positive, however The free energy change (∆G°) values was negative for SodiumN,N-Dimethyl dithiocarbamate in DMF systems studied with increasing the temperature.

The threats to humans' and animals' health are increased by even very modest concentrations of metallic ions in water. Despite the fact that there are numerous treatment options are employed to remove heavy metals from wastewater such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrochemical treatment, coagulation, flocculation, adsorption and co-precipitation. So many researchers used the method of adsorption which is a highly effective and economical technique for the removing of toxic heavy metals from the wastewater . This paper through some light on the removal of toxic heavy metals ion (nickel (II)) from wastewater using magnesium oxide as adsorbent . Equilibrium models are applied to calculate the Langmuir and Freundlich and kinetics isotherms of the reaction, whereas the isotherm models confirm the experimental data. The sorption of nickel ion (II) onto magnesium oxide was strongly adsorbed dependent on contact time, initial of nickel (II), temperature, pH and adsorbent dosage. Thermodynamic parameters can affirm as ΔG° negative value, and a ΔS°positive value shows that the adsorption of nickel (II) ions by magnesium oxide was spontaneously happened.A positive result indicates endothermic adsorption for ΔH°. Finally, the pseudo-second-order equation provided the adsorption data.