Agricultural mulches from plant waste constitute an ecological alternative due to their capacity to biodegrade and incorporate into the soil. This work aimed at evaluating, during a drought, the effects of a mat mulch, based on banana rachis and rice straw, on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) production, and to characterize the material, both mechanically (traction resistance) and physical-chemically (water retention capacity, organic and inorganic components). Two contrasting irrigation regimes were used to determine the effect of the mat mulch on edaphic and productive parameters such as plant height, basal stem diameter, number of fruits and flowers, harvest, plant biomass, macro- and micronutrients in leaves, weeds/m², and soil temperature. Treatments with the mat mulch resulted in increased height, number of fruits and flowers, biomass, and P, Zn and Cu concentrations. The mat mulch contributes to soil water retention, improves pepper agronomic variables response in plant’s height, basal stem diameter, and the number of flowers and fruits, especially with a low water irrigation regime. Furthermore, a 95% reduction in weed/m², and soil temperature (18 °C) compared to air temperature (26.8 °C) was found. The characteristics of the waste-based mat mulch in soils offer new possibilities for environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable agricultural practices.

Clavibacter genus comprises phytopathogenic and nonphytopathogenic species in a range of plant hosts. We applied structural and functional approaches for comparative genomics to unveil the adaptation of Clavibacter to plant hosts. The structural approach consisted of phylogeny and whole-genome alignment. The phylogeny suggested that Clavibacter tessallarius, Clavibacter zhangzhiyongii, Clavibacter capcisi, Clavibacter phaseoli depicted the more divergent species. Notably, Clavibacter nebraskensis, Clavibacter insidiosus, Clavibacter sepedonicus, Clavibacter sp. A6099, Clavibacter californiensis, and Clavibacter michiganensis formed a recent monophyletic clade. A synteny degree and genome rearrangements were noted. The functional approach based on prediction-annotation of secreted proteins via Sec- and Tat-pathways, and the prediction of metabolite biosynthetic potential. Regarding to Sec- and Tat-secreted proteins, we focused on carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and expansins. The repertoire of secreted CAZymes exhibited variation related to taxonomy of Clavibacter. The predicted expansins harbored domain variability, related to horizontal gene transfer. A heterogeneous distribution-conservation of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) regarding Clavibacter phylogeny was observed. Our results suggested that farm practices of plant hosts likely influence the evolutive history of Clavibacter spp. Furthermore, Sec-, Tat-mediated secreted proteins and metabolite diversity may underpin plant– Clavibacter interactions. Biological knowledge drives sustainable strategies aimed to control plant diseases caused by Clavibacter spp.

This study analyzes the socioeconomic dynamics and land-use practices of small-scale Shuar farmers in Taisha, Tuutinentsa, and Macuma, in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Based on surveys of 43 cacao producing households, we analyzed perceptions of well-being, land allocation, and livelihood diversification. Households typically include five to six members and rely on diversified portfolios combining cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), plantain (Musa × paradisiaca L.), livestock, forest, and off-farm activities. Gendered labor divisions are present: men are more involved in marketed production and commercialization, while women play central roles in chakra-based agroforestry management, food provisioning, and household economies that reduce cash expenditures and strengthen food sovereignty. Average farm sizes range from 31 to 40 hectares, with forest and pasture, with smaller areas allocated to perennial and short-cycle crops. These patterns reflect multifunctional strategies balancing income generation, risk management, cultural continuity, and environmental stewardship rather than single-crop optimization. Agriculture and livestock constitute the main income sources in Taisha and Tuutinentsa, whereas Macuma exhibits greater economic diversification due to proximity to urban markets. High transportation costs and limited infrastructure constrain profitability. Reported cacao yields are lower than provincial and national averages; however, chakra-based systems prioritize multiple outputs beyond yield, including food security, ecosystem services, and cultural values. Opportunity cost analysis suggests higher short-term returns for peanuts, while cacao remains central due to its larger cultivated area. These findings highlight the complexity of Indigenous agriculture and the need for culturally grounded development policies aligned with socio-ecological realities.