A central authority, in a conventional centralized energy trading market, superintends energy and financial transactions. The central authority manages and controls transparent energy trading between producer and consumer, imposes a penalty in case of contract violation, and disburses numerous rewards. However, the management and control through the third party pose a significant threat to the security and privacy of consumers’/producers’ (participants) profiles. The energy transactions between participants involving central authority utilize users’ time, money, and impose a computational burden over the central controlling authority. The Blockchain-based decentralized energy transaction concept, bypassing the central authority, is proposed in Smart Grid (SG) by researchers. Blockchain technology braces the concept of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy transactions. This work encompasses the SolarCoin-based digital currency blockchain model for SG incorporating RE. Energy transactions from Prosumer (P) to Prosumer, Energy District to Energy District, and Energy District to SG are thoroughly investigated and analyzed in this work. A robust demand-side optimized model is proposed using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to maximize Prosumer Energy Surplus (PES), Grid revenue (GR), percentage energy transactions accomplished, and decreased Prosumer Energy Cost (PEC). Real-time averaged energy data of Australia are employed, and a piece-wise energy price mechanism is implemented in this work. The graphical analysis and tabular statistics manifest the efficacy of the proposed model.

Subsea production systems technologies are being developed steadily to address the technological issues associated with the deep-sea environment, primarily pressure and temperature. To ensure the reliable operation of electrical/electronic systems for at least 25-years on the seabed, a comprehensive technology qualification program is proposed in this paper. In relation to this, Technology Readiness Level of the Subsea electrical/electronics assembly is achieved after conducting devised environmental stress tests compliant to the internationally recognized standards, e.g. API, ISO, IEC and IEEE. The comprehensive tests methods of the qualification program are explained to achieve the technology readiness level 3 of the Subsea printed circuit board and sub-assemblies. Finally, experimental test results of a standalone Subsea Ethernet Switch and also functional verification with 100 meters of electrical flying lead undergoing the prescribed test methods show that the Subsea electronics comply with the international standards and is fit for use in the Subsea environment.

Summary: A crucial step in new product development is the design verification process (DVP), which assures that the conceptual design of new technology is successfully transformed into a prototype product. In this paper, a novel DVP for subsea electrical and electronic prototype products is introduced. The comprehensive DVP ensures that the prototype of the product is designed righteously, is well documented, and is verified according to international practices and standards such as The American Petroleum Institute (API), International Organization for Standardization, European Norm, and European Union specifications. Compliance testing [environmental stresses and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)] on the product is proposed to achieve Technology Readiness Level 2 (TRL2) of the first article of a printed circuit board (PCB). Concerning the quality of an electronic circuit board, it is recommended in this paper to follow the guidelines and specifications of the Institute of Printed Circuits to certify the robustness of the design. Finally, the proposed DVP is thoroughly exercised on the insulation monitoring PCB under the prescribed test methods as a case study. The experimental results show that the design is robust and the product is suitable for use in the intended subsea environment after further raising the technology maturity level of the product.