Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with a variety of hematological abnormalities. In this study, we correlated the hematological changes in the peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) with the distribution of cell lineages and cytokine gene expression patterns in the bone marrow. Samples from 63 naturally semidomiciled dogs living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed. L. infantum infection was detected in 50 dogs (79.3%). Among those, 18 (32%) had positive splenic cultures and showed more clinical signs. They also had lower red blood cell counts and leukocytosis with an increased number of neutrophils and monocytes in peripheral blood compared to dogs negative to this test. L. infantum DNA was detected in the bone marrow of 8/14 dogs with positive splenic culture. Dogs with L. infantum infection in the bone marrow presented with histiocytosis (p = 0.0046), fewer erythroid cell clusters (p = 0.0127) and increased gene expression levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.0015) and TNF (p = 0.0091). The data shown herein suggest that inflammatory and cytokine gene expression changes in bone marrow may contribute to the peripheral blood hematological changes observed in visceral leishmaniasis.

An outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C was diagnosed in captive collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries housed in the Laboratory of Applied Ethology of Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz located in Ilhéus, State of Bahia, Brazil. Four collared peccaries and three white-lipped peccaries, all juveniles (25-105 days old), were affected. For all affected animals, lethargy and inappetance were followed by sudden death within 24 hours. Histopathology of intestinal wall, culture of C. perfringens type C, and the identification of beta-toxin from intestinal content confirmed the diagnosis.

Campylobacter species are leading causes of gastroenteritis globally, but their diversity and transmission dynamics at wildlife–livestock–human interfaces are poorly understood. We investigated Campylobacter diversity across sympatric mountain gorillas, livestock, and humans in Uganda. We analysed 553 faecal samples from humans (n=197), mountain gorillas (n=200), cattle (n=83), and goats (n=73). Human samples were collected from healthcare patients and community volunteers. We used metagenomic shotgun sequencing to reconstruct Campylobacter metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). We assembled 44 MAGs representing seven Campylobacter species, including three novel species from gorilla gut microbiomes. The others belonged to provisionally designated species C. sp017646085 (cattle) and C. sp900539255 (humans) and known C. vicugnae (goats) and Candidatus C. infans (humans). C. sp900539255 was significantly enriched in healthcare-based human samples (p=0·001), whereas C. infans was common and showed no abundance differences between healthcare and community-based human samples, suggesting limited clinical significance.