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Prof. Li Qin
Ningbo University

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 LED Lighting Systems
0 Energy Saving
0 Traffic Safety
0 Human Vision
0 Tunnel lighting

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Tunnel lighting
Energy Saving
Human Vision

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Journal article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Tunnel lighting is the most significant component in total energy consumption in the whole infrastructure. Hence, various lighting control strategies based on light-emitting diode (LED) technology have been investigated to conserve energy by decreasing luminaires’ operating time. In this study, four kinds of tunnel lighting control strategies and the development of their associated technologies are evaluated: no-control low-consumption lamps (LCL), time-scheduling control strategy (TSCS), daylight adaptation control strategy (DACS), and intelligent control strategy (ICS). This work investigates the relationship between initial investment and electrical costs as a function of tunnel length (L) and daily traffic volume (N) for the four control strategies. The analysis was performed using 100-day data collected in eleven Chinese tunnels. The tunnel length (L) ranged from 600 m to 3300 m and the daily traffic volume (N) ranged from 700 to 2500. The results showed that initial investment costs increase with L for all control strategies. Also, the electricity costs for the LCL, TSCS, and DACS strategies increased linearly with L, whereas the electricity cost for the ICS strategy has an exponential growth with L and N. The results showed that for a lifetime equal to or shorter than 218 days, the LCL strategy offered the best economical solution; whereas for a lifetime longer than 955 days, the ICS strategy offered the best economical solution. For a lifetime between 218 and 955 days, the most suitable strategy varies with tunnel length and traffic volume. This study’s results can guide the decision-making process during the tunnel lighting system’s design stage.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Antonio Peña-García; Arturo Leon; Jian-Cheng Yu. Comparative Study of Energy Savings for Various Control Strategies in the Tunnel Lighting System. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 6372 .

AMA Style

Li Qin, Antonio Peña-García, Arturo Leon, Jian-Cheng Yu. Comparative Study of Energy Savings for Various Control Strategies in the Tunnel Lighting System. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (14):6372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Antonio Peña-García; Arturo Leon; Jian-Cheng Yu. 2021. "Comparative Study of Energy Savings for Various Control Strategies in the Tunnel Lighting System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14: 6372.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This study reports the results of a pilot study on spatiotemporal characteristics of drivers’ visual behavior while driving in three different luminance levels in a tunnel. The study was carried out in a relatively long tunnel during the daytime. Six experienced drivers were recruited to participate in the driving experiment. Experimental data of pupil area and fixation point position (at the tunnel’s interior zone: 1566 m long) were collected by non-intrusive eye-tracking equipment at three luminance levels (2 cd/m2, 2.5 cd/m2, and 3 cd/m2). Fixation maps (color-coded maps presenting distributed data) were created based on fixation point position data to quantify changes in visual behavior. The results demonstrated that luminance levels had a significant effect on pupil areas and fixation zones. Fixation area and average pupil area had a significant negative correlation with luminance levels during the daytime. In addition, drivers concentrated more on the front road pavement, the top wall surface, and the cars’ control wheels. The results revealed that the pupil area had a linear relationship with the luminance level. The limitations of this research are pointed out and the future research directions are also prospected.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Qi-Lei Cao; Arturo Leon; Ying-Na Weng; Xu-Hua Shi. Use of Pupil Area and Fixation Maps to Evaluate Visual Behavior of Drivers inside Tunnels at Different Luminance Levels—A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 5014 .

AMA Style

Li Qin, Qi-Lei Cao, Arturo Leon, Ying-Na Weng, Xu-Hua Shi. Use of Pupil Area and Fixation Maps to Evaluate Visual Behavior of Drivers inside Tunnels at Different Luminance Levels—A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (11):5014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Qi-Lei Cao; Arturo Leon; Ying-Na Weng; Xu-Hua Shi. 2021. "Use of Pupil Area and Fixation Maps to Evaluate Visual Behavior of Drivers inside Tunnels at Different Luminance Levels—A Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5014.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2020 in Building and Environment
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Tunnel lighting constitutes one of the major expenses incurred in transportation lighting, and hence substantial research has been conducted to improve the efficiency of lighting and thus to minimize operating costs. This paper investigates an intelligent method for adjusting tunnel lighting with dynamic control based on data mining of traffic flow distribution, traffic composition, and vehicle speed distribution. Field monitoring data of traffic flow in five real expressway tunnels, which are in HeDa expressway, Jilin Province, China, was used in the analysis. The K-MEANS clustering algorithm was used to group (or cluster) the distribution of daily traffic volume into six-time periods, in which the traffic volume includes two peak periods (8:01–11:23 and 14:31–19:01). A dynamic luminance regulation method is proposed that distinguishes operational strategies under different time periods. Furthermore, the impact of tunnel length and traffic flow on the effect of energy-saving and system sustainability of the proposed method was assessed. The results show that when using the proposed method, the energy-savings in tunnel lighting could be between about 50% and 60% for a daily traffic volume between 750 and 2500 vehicles. The results also show that the switching frequency of the lighting system is significantly reduced, which would significantly enhance the sustainability of the lighting system.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Xuhua Shi; Arturo S. Leon; Chudong Tong; Chang Ding. Dynamic luminance tuning method for tunnel lighting based on data mining of real-time traffic flow. Building and Environment 2020, 176, 106844 .

AMA Style

Li Qin, Xuhua Shi, Arturo S. Leon, Chudong Tong, Chang Ding. Dynamic luminance tuning method for tunnel lighting based on data mining of real-time traffic flow. Building and Environment. 2020; 176 ():106844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Xuhua Shi; Arturo S. Leon; Chudong Tong; Chang Ding. 2020. "Dynamic luminance tuning method for tunnel lighting based on data mining of real-time traffic flow." Building and Environment 176, no. : 106844.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2020 in Applied Optics
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A new luminance calculation method that accounts for mesopic vision and fog penetration ability is presented. This method aims to select a suitable light source for street lighting and is obtained using the mesopic luminance calculation and transmittance calculation methods at each individual wavelength. Additionally, the new method was evaluated using six LED light sources between 3500 and 6000 K. Overall, the calculation results indicate that suitable LEDs' CCT decreases with an increase of luminance for low transmittance rates. However, for high transmittance rates, high CCT LED lamps are the most suitable for street lighting. The recommended CCT of LED light sources for street lighting under different visibility and luminance conditions is presented.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Xuhua Shi; Arturo S. Leon. Luminance calculation method accounting for mesopic vision and fog penetration ability. Applied Optics 2020, 59, 683 -686.

AMA Style

Li Qin, Xuhua Shi, Arturo S. Leon. Luminance calculation method accounting for mesopic vision and fog penetration ability. Applied Optics. 2020; 59 (3):683-686.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Xuhua Shi; Arturo S. Leon. 2020. "Luminance calculation method accounting for mesopic vision and fog penetration ability." Applied Optics 59, no. 3: 683-686.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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This paper presents a MATLAB framework for forecasting optimal flow releases in a multi-storage system for flood control. This framework combines four widely-used models intended for (1) performing hydrologic analysis for a watershed and for level-pool routing in the storage systems, (2) simulating river inundation, (3) solving the optimization problem of determining hourly optimal flow releases in a multi-storage system, and (4) data management and plotting. The integration of all software is performed in MATLAB, which is a state-of-the-art and an easy-to-use environment for integrating computation, visualization, and programming. This paper focuses on (1) presenting the MATLAB scripts for interfacing the aforementioned four software, (2) describing the rationale for the objective function of the optimization, and (3) demonstrating the practical use of the MATLAB framework by applying it to the operation of a hypothetical eight-pond system in the Cypress Creek watershed in Houston, Texas. The results of the aforementioned application show that this framework could help in mitigating flooding.

ACS Style

Arturo S. Leon; Yun Tang; Li Qin; Duan Chen. A MATLAB framework for forecasting optimal flow releases in a multi-storage system for flood control. Environmental Modelling & Software 2020, 125, 104618 .

AMA Style

Arturo S. Leon, Yun Tang, Li Qin, Duan Chen. A MATLAB framework for forecasting optimal flow releases in a multi-storage system for flood control. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2020; 125 ():104618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arturo S. Leon; Yun Tang; Li Qin; Duan Chen. 2020. "A MATLAB framework for forecasting optimal flow releases in a multi-storage system for flood control." Environmental Modelling & Software 125, no. : 104618.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2019 in IEEE Access
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The early release from wetlands and shallow ponds could provide extra water storage during heavy rainfall, thus mitigating floods. In this paper, a remotely operated integrated siphon system intended to release water from wetlands/shallow ponds ahead of (a few hours or a few days before) a heavy rainfall that is forecasted to produce flooding is proposed. Siphons work under the pull of gravity and are limited to pond berm heights below about 6 m. An array (e.g. hundreds) of the proposed siphon system can be controlled remotely by an operator or by a Decision Support System. A self-operating and remotely controlled siphon system could open the doors for managing wetlands and shallow ponds for multiple purposes, including flood control and improvement of aquatic habitat. Laboratory tests using 1.5 and 6 in-diameter siphons were performed in this study. The results showed that the integrated control system is technically feasible and economically viable.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Arturo S. Leon; Lin-Long Bian; Li-Li Dong; Vivek Verma; Ahmet Yolcu. A Remotely-Operated Siphon System for Water Release From Wetlands and Shallow Ponds. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 157680 -157687.

AMA Style

Li Qin, Arturo S. Leon, Lin-Long Bian, Li-Li Dong, Vivek Verma, Ahmet Yolcu. A Remotely-Operated Siphon System for Water Release From Wetlands and Shallow Ponds. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 (99):157680-157687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Arturo S. Leon; Lin-Long Bian; Li-Li Dong; Vivek Verma; Ahmet Yolcu. 2019. "A Remotely-Operated Siphon System for Water Release From Wetlands and Shallow Ponds." IEEE Access 7, no. 99: 157680-157687.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2018 in IEEE Photonics Journal
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For the study of dark adaptation at the entrance section of a tunnel, the effects of photopigments in rod cells and luminance can be disregarded because the luminance of this section is in the range of photopic vision. Instead, light color characteristics can be considered. This paper focused on the impact of light color, including correlated color temperature (CCT), color rendering, and spectrum, on dark adaptation at the entrance section of a tunnel. An experiment was performed based on seven kinds of high-power LEDs with different CCTs (3000-6500 K). The experimental results showed that the light color characteristics of LEDs significantly affected dark adaptation. Specifically, the better the color rendering and the lower the absence of blue light, the shorter the dark adaptation time. Among various LEDs with different CCTs, the 4000 K-4500 K LEDs have better light color characteristics and can shorten dark adaptation times. Therefore, LEDs with CCTs of 4000 K-4500 K are preferable for lighting tunnel entrances.

ACS Style

Lili Dong; Xiong-Fei Shang; Yi Zhao; Li Qin; Wenhai Xu. The Impact of LED Light Color on the Dark Adaptation of Human Vision in Tunnel Entrances. IEEE Photonics Journal 2018, 10, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Lili Dong, Xiong-Fei Shang, Yi Zhao, Li Qin, Wenhai Xu. The Impact of LED Light Color on the Dark Adaptation of Human Vision in Tunnel Entrances. IEEE Photonics Journal. 2018; 10 (5):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lili Dong; Xiong-Fei Shang; Yi Zhao; Li Qin; Wenhai Xu. 2018. "The Impact of LED Light Color on the Dark Adaptation of Human Vision in Tunnel Entrances." IEEE Photonics Journal 10, no. 5: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to investigate how vehicle speed influences the characteristics of driver’s eye movement at highway tunnel entrances during day and night. In this study, six drivers’ eye movement data (from 200 m before tunnel entrance to 200 m inside tunnel entrance) under five predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 km/h) in the daytime and three predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 60 and 80 km/h) in the nighttime were recorded using the non-intrusive Dikablis Professional eye-tracking system. Pupil size, the average fixation duration time and the average number of fixation were analyzed and then the influence of the vehicle speed on these parameters was evaluated by means of IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. The results for pupil size in daytime increased when approaching the tunnel entrance, while as for nighttime, pupil size decreased when approaching the tunnel entrance and then increased after entering the tunnel. The pupil size in daytime has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed, while the pupil size in nighttime did not show a significant association with vehicle speed. Furthermore, the average fixation duration in daytime increased when entering the tunnel, and had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. Also, the average number of fixations in daytime decreased when entering the tunnel and has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. However, the average fixation duration and the average number of fixations in nighttime did not show any significant association with vehicle speed. Moreover, limitations and future directions of the study are discussed for the further investigation.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Li-Li Dong; Wen-Hai Xu; Li-Dong Zhang; Arturo S. Leon. Influence of Vehicle Speed on the Characteristics of Driver’s Eye Movement at a Highway Tunnel Entrance during Day and Night Conditions: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 656 .

AMA Style

Li Qin, Li-Li Dong, Wen-Hai Xu, Li-Dong Zhang, Arturo S. Leon. Influence of Vehicle Speed on the Characteristics of Driver’s Eye Movement at a Highway Tunnel Entrance during Day and Night Conditions: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (4):656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Li-Li Dong; Wen-Hai Xu; Li-Dong Zhang; Arturo S. Leon. 2018. "Influence of Vehicle Speed on the Characteristics of Driver’s Eye Movement at a Highway Tunnel Entrance during Day and Night Conditions: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 656.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2017 in Sustainability
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This paper presents an intelligent control method for tunnel lighting based on traffic volume. The monitoring data for a period of 12 days of the Chibai tunnel (located in the Jilin province of China) under different weather conditions was selected as the case study. The data used in the analysis included traffic volume, vehicle speed, the time of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at their lowest luminance level, and the average time interval between two consecutive vehicles. The traffic flow analysis indicated that the tunnel has a relatively heavy traffic volume in the daytime (7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) and a relatively low traffic volume in the nighttime (12:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m.). Thus, we propose a tunnel lighting control method that distinguishes day and night operational strategies. In the daytime, the luminance of tunnel zones depends on tunnel exterior luminance, traffic volume and vehicle speed regardless of vehicle presence. In the night, the “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” control method is adopted for the tunnel luminance, which depends on vehicle presence.

ACS Style

Li Qin; Li-Li Dong; Wen-Hai Xu; Li-Dong Zhang; Arturo S. Leon. An Intelligent Luminance Control Method for Tunnel Lighting Based on Traffic Volume. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2208 .

AMA Style

Li Qin, Li-Li Dong, Wen-Hai Xu, Li-Dong Zhang, Arturo S. Leon. An Intelligent Luminance Control Method for Tunnel Lighting Based on Traffic Volume. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Li-Li Dong; Wen-Hai Xu; Li-Dong Zhang; Arturo S. Leon. 2017. "An Intelligent Luminance Control Method for Tunnel Lighting Based on Traffic Volume." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2208.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2017 in IEEE Photonics Journal
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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of correlated color temperature (CCT) of LED light source on human vision performance in mesopic region. First, six CCTs (3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5700, and 6500 K) were assessed using mesopic photometry model MES-2. The calculation results indicated that the mesopic luminance had a positive correlation with CCT. Then, reaction time experiment was conducted in an experimental box designed to simulate the mesopic application environments. Ten observers of different ages and gender participated to make response after target appears under different lighting conditions. Experiment results showed that reaction time had a negative correlation with CCT, which is coherent with that the mesopic luminance increased with the increasing of CCT.

ACS Style

Lili Dong; Li Qin; Wenhai Xu; Lidong Zhang. The Impact of LED Correlated Color Temperature on Visual Performance Under Mesopic Conditions. IEEE Photonics Journal 2017, 9, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Lili Dong, Li Qin, Wenhai Xu, Lidong Zhang. The Impact of LED Correlated Color Temperature on Visual Performance Under Mesopic Conditions. IEEE Photonics Journal. 2017; 9 (6):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lili Dong; Li Qin; Wenhai Xu; Lidong Zhang. 2017. "The Impact of LED Correlated Color Temperature on Visual Performance Under Mesopic Conditions." IEEE Photonics Journal 9, no. 6: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
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ACS Style

Li Qin; Lili Dong; Wenhai Xu; Lidong Zhang; Qiubo Yan; Xiaodong Chen. A “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” energy-saving control system of highway tunnel lighting. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2017, 66, 147 -156.

AMA Style

Li Qin, Lili Dong, Wenhai Xu, Lidong Zhang, Qiubo Yan, Xiaodong Chen. A “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” energy-saving control system of highway tunnel lighting. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2017; 66 ():147-156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Qin; Lili Dong; Wenhai Xu; Lidong Zhang; Qiubo Yan; Xiaodong Chen. 2017. "A “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” energy-saving control system of highway tunnel lighting." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 66, no. : 147-156.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA
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ACS Style

董丽丽DONGLi-li; 石娜SHINa; 张利东ZHANGLi-dong; 秦莉QinLi; 许文海XUWen-hai; 侯洵 侯洵. Influence of Tunnel Lighting Brightness on Visibility under Low Transmittance. ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 2017, 46, 222002 .

AMA Style

董丽丽DONGLi-li, 石娜SHINa, 张利东ZHANGLi-dong, 秦莉QinLi, 许文海XUWen-hai, 侯洵 侯洵. Influence of Tunnel Lighting Brightness on Visibility under Low Transmittance. ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA. 2017; 46 (2):222002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

董丽丽DONGLi-li; 石娜SHINa; 张利东ZHANGLi-dong; 秦莉QinLi; 许文海XUWen-hai; 侯洵 侯洵. 2017. "Influence of Tunnel Lighting Brightness on Visibility under Low Transmittance." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 46, no. 2: 222002.