In this paper, we use a new, extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion method to explore the exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov (aNNV) equation, which is a nonlinear physical model to describe an incompressible fluid. Combined with the mapping method, many new types of exact Jacobian elliptic function solutions are obtained. As we use two new forms of transformation, most of the solutions obtained are not found in previous studies. To show the complex nonlinear wave phenomena, we also provide various wave structures of a group of solutions, including periodic wave and solitary wave structures of ordinary traveling wave solutions, horseshoe-type wave, s-type wave and breaker-wave structures superposed by two kinds of waves: chaotic wave structures with chaotic behavior and spiral wave structures. The results show that this method is effective and powerful and can be used to construct various exact solutions for a wide range of nonlinear models and complex nonlinear wave phenomena in mathematical and physical research.

In this paper, we use general Riccati equation to construct new solitary wave solutions of the Van der Waals normal form, which is one of the most famous models for natural and industrial granular materials. It is very important to understand the static and dynamic characteristics of this models in many application fields. We solve the general Riccati equation through different function transformation, and many new hyperbolic function solutions are obtained. Then, it is substituted into the Van der Waals normal form as an auxiliary equation. Abundant types of solitary-wave solutions are obtained by choosing different coefficient in the general Riccati equation, and some of them have not been found in other documents. The results show that the analysis method we used is very simple and effective for dealing with nonlinear models.

The KPI equation is one of most well-known nonlinear evolution equations, which was first used to described two-dimensional shallow water wavs. Recently, it has found important applications in fluid mechanics, plasma ion acoustic waves, nonlinear optics, and other fields. In the process of studying these topics, it is very important to obtain the exact solutions of the KPI equation. In this paper, a general Riccati equation is treated as an auxiliary equation, which is solved to obtain many new types of solutions through several different function transformations. We solve the KPI equation using this general Riccati equation, and construct ten sets of the infinite series exact solitary wave solution of the KPI equation. The results show that this method is simple and effective for the construction of infinite series solutions of nonlinear evolution models.

The Korteweg–de Vries (KDV) equation is one of the most well-known models in nonlinear physics, such as fluid physics, plasma, and ocean engineering. It is very important to obtain the exact solutions of this model in the process of studying these topics. In the present paper, using distinct function iteration relations in two ways, namely, squaring infinitely and extracting the square root infinitely, which have not been reported in other documents, we construct abundant types of new infinite-series exact solitary wave solutions using the auxiliary equation method. Most of these solutions have not been reported in previous papers. The numerical analysis of some solutions shows complex solitary wave phenomena. Some solutions can have stable solitary wave structures, while others may have singularities in certain space–time positions. The results show that the analysis model we use is very simple and effective for the construction of new infinite-series solutions and new solitary wave structures of nonlinear models.

The O₂ dissociative adsorption serves as a pivotal criterion for assessing the efficacy of oxygen reduction catalysts. We conducted a systematic investigation into O₂ dissociative adsorption on the Pt-skin Pt₃Cu(111) surface by means of the density functional theory (DFT). The computational findings reveal that the O₂ adsorption on Pt-skin Pt₃Cu(111) surface exhibits comparatively lower stability when contrasted with that on the Pt(111) surface. For O₂ dissociation, two paths have been identified. One progresses from the t-f-b state towards the generation of two oxygen atoms situated within nearest-neighbour hcp sites. The other commences from the t-b-t state, leading to the generation of two oxygen atoms occupying nearest-neighbour fcc sites. Moreover, the analysis of the energy barrier associated with O₂ dissociation indicates that O₂ on the Pt-skin Pt₃Cu(111) surface is more difficult to dissociate than on the Pt(111) surface. This study can offer a valuable guide for the practical application of high-performance oxygen reduction catalysts.