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Yasuhiro Hirano
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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Original article
Published: 30 August 2021 in Plant and Soil
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been used for estimating root biomass, estimating pull-out resistance force of roots, and reconstructing root system architecture. Although GPR can estimate the diameter of a single root, it has not yet been verified whether it can successfully estimate the diameters of adjacent roots or whether rock fragments occurring in the soil matrix can be misidentified as roots. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the visual properties of GPR images of root bundles and rock fragments, and (2) clarify whether they have the potential to create non-negligible errors in GPR surveys. Root bundle samples buried in a sandy soil bed were scanned using 900 MHz and 1500 MHz antennas. Sole roots of Cryptomeria japonica and rock fragments in the bed were also scanned. A bundle of root formed one hyperbola with an apex in the radar profile, like a sole root. However, the contrast of the hyperbolas was weak and GPR indices relating to diameter were reduced compared to those of the comparably sized sole root. Stones did not form clear images, but boulders were faintly visible with non-negligible GPR indices. For evaluation of root biomass, adjacent roots had the potential to lead to significant errors. Similarly, in reconstructions of root system architecture, adjacent roots might lead to incorrect modelling of root point connections, because of incorrect diameters. For pull-out resistance force, adjacent roots could lead to only underestimation, i.e., safe-side error. Misidentification of rock fragments as roots depends on their sizes.

ACS Style

Toko Tanikawa; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Keitaro Yamase; Masako Dannoura; Kenji Aono; Yasuhiro Hirano. Can ground-penetrating radar detect adjacent roots and rock fragments in forest soil? Plant and Soil 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Toko Tanikawa, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Keitaro Yamase, Masako Dannoura, Kenji Aono, Yasuhiro Hirano. Can ground-penetrating radar detect adjacent roots and rock fragments in forest soil? Plant and Soil. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toko Tanikawa; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Keitaro Yamase; Masako Dannoura; Kenji Aono; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2021. "Can ground-penetrating radar detect adjacent roots and rock fragments in forest soil?" Plant and Soil , no. : 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2021 in Forests
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Three-dimensional (3D) root system architecture (RSA) is a predominant factor in anchorage failure in trees. Only a few studies have used 3D laser scanners to evaluate RSA, but they do not check the accuracy of measurements. 3D laser scanners can quickly obtain RSA data, but the data are collected as a point cloud with a large number of points representing surfaces. The point cloud data must be converted into a set of interconnected axes and segments to compute the root system traits. The purposes of this study were: (i) to propose a new method for easily obtaining root point data as 3D coordinates and root diameters from point cloud data acquired by 3D laser scanner measurement; and (ii) to compare the accuracy of the data from main roots with intensive manual measurement. We scanned the excavated root systems of two Pinus thunbergii Parl. trees using a 3D laser scanner and neuTube software, which was developed for reconstructing the neuronal structure, to convert the point cloud data into root point data for reconstructing RSA. The reconstruction and traits of the RSA calculated from point cloud data were similar in accuracy to intensive manual measurements. Roots larger than 7 mm in diameter were accurately measured by the 3D laser scanner measurement. In the proposed method, the root point data were connected as a frustum of cones, so the reconstructed RSAs were simpler than the 3D root surfaces. However, the frustum of cones still showed the main coarse root segments correctly. We concluded that the proposed method could be applied to reconstruct the RSA and calculate traits using point cloud data of the root system, on the condition that it was possible to model both the stump and ovality of root sections.

ACS Style

Chikage Todo; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Mizue Ohashi; Masako Dannoura; Toshifumi Kimura; Yasuhiro Hirano. Reconstruction of Conifer Root Systems Mapped with Point Cloud Data Obtained by 3D Laser Scanning Compared with Manual Measurement. Forests 2021, 12, 1117 .

AMA Style

Chikage Todo, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Keitaro Yamase, Toko Tanikawa, Mizue Ohashi, Masako Dannoura, Toshifumi Kimura, Yasuhiro Hirano. Reconstruction of Conifer Root Systems Mapped with Point Cloud Data Obtained by 3D Laser Scanning Compared with Manual Measurement. Forests. 2021; 12 (8):1117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chikage Todo; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Mizue Ohashi; Masako Dannoura; Toshifumi Kimura; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2021. "Reconstruction of Conifer Root Systems Mapped with Point Cloud Data Obtained by 3D Laser Scanning Compared with Manual Measurement." Forests 12, no. 8: 1117.

Original article
Published: 16 November 2020 in Trees
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Tree roots hold soil that is dramatically heavier than the tree biomass, wet or dried. This soil might compensate for the imbalance between above- and belowground mass. Root–soil plates are recognized to play an important role in root anchorage of plate-like root system, however, actual measurements of their mass have rarely been reported. Even though the root–soil plate mass is often estimated using aboveground allometric indices, no research confirms the validity. Seven root–soil plates of Cryptomeria japonica fallen by Typhoon Jebi were divided into roots and soil, and their weights were directly measured. Mass of the seven plates ranged from 251 to 3070 kg on a dry basis. Roots accounted for 8% of total plate mass and soil for 92%. The mass of the soil held in the plates was 2.8 times greater than tree biomass. The root-to-shoot biomass ratio was 0.26, whereas the ratio of root–soil plate mass to shoot biomass was 3.9, meaning that the root–soil plate mass was much greater than aboveground biomass. These results suggest that the soil mass held in the plate is the main component of whole-tree mass including the plate. The root system holds soil weighing as much as 13 times the root system’s mass. The soil might balance the aboveground weight of the tree by adding mass. Aboveground allometric indices are good indicators of root–soil plate mass and allow the belowground mass to be estimated to understand tree anchorage without soil disturbance.

ACS Style

Toko Tanikawa; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Chikage Todo; Keitaro Yamase; Mizue Ohashi; Toru Okamoto; Takeo Mizoguchi; Katsuhiro Nakao; Shinji Kaneko; Atsushi Torii; Yoshiyuki Inagaki; Asami Nakanishi; Yasuhiro Hirano. A quantitative evaluation of soil mass held by tree roots. Trees 2020, 35, 527 -541.

AMA Style

Toko Tanikawa, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Chikage Todo, Keitaro Yamase, Mizue Ohashi, Toru Okamoto, Takeo Mizoguchi, Katsuhiro Nakao, Shinji Kaneko, Atsushi Torii, Yoshiyuki Inagaki, Asami Nakanishi, Yasuhiro Hirano. A quantitative evaluation of soil mass held by tree roots. Trees. 2020; 35 (2):527-541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toko Tanikawa; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Chikage Todo; Keitaro Yamase; Mizue Ohashi; Toru Okamoto; Takeo Mizoguchi; Katsuhiro Nakao; Shinji Kaneko; Atsushi Torii; Yoshiyuki Inagaki; Asami Nakanishi; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2020. "A quantitative evaluation of soil mass held by tree roots." Trees 35, no. 2: 527-541.

Regular article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Plant and Soil
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This study assessed intraspecific variation in morphological traits of the fine root branch orders of Cryptomeria japonica, and identified variation in the diameter of the first three-order roots among species types with mycorrhiza, and the diameter of first-order roots at the family level. Diameter, length, and specific root length of branch order roots (up to the fourth-order) were measured in intact fine root systems collected in four C. japonica stands. Relationships between soil chemical properties and morphological traits of the first- to fourth-order roots were investigated. The diameter of roots of 52 tree species reported in previous studies was compared at species types with mycorrhiza and at family level. The diameter of first-order roots in C. japonica varied by 1.2 times among stands. Negative correlations between soil NH4+ content and specific root length of the second- and third-order roots were observed in C. japonica. The diameter of first- and second-order roots forming arbuscular mycorrhiza in coniferous trees were significantly higher than those of roots forming ectomycorrhiza in coniferous and broadleaf trees. The diameter of first-order roots in Cupressaceae were significantly larger than those of Pinaceae, Sapindaceae, Betulaceae, and Fagaceae. Clarifying intraspecific variation in morphological traits of C. japonica lower-order roots may contribute to understanding their responses to different site conditions such as soil inorganic nitrogen contents.

ACS Style

Ryusei Wada; Toko Tanikawa; Ryuusei Doi; Yasuhiro Hirano. Variation in the morphology of fine roots in Cryptomeria japonica determined by branch order-based classification. Plant and Soil 2019, 444, 139 -151.

AMA Style

Ryusei Wada, Toko Tanikawa, Ryuusei Doi, Yasuhiro Hirano. Variation in the morphology of fine roots in Cryptomeria japonica determined by branch order-based classification. Plant and Soil. 2019; 444 (1-2):139-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryusei Wada; Toko Tanikawa; Ryuusei Doi; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2019. "Variation in the morphology of fine roots in Cryptomeria japonica determined by branch order-based classification." Plant and Soil 444, no. 1-2: 139-151.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Forest Ecology and Management
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The extent of damage to Pinus thunbergii trees in coastal forests resulting from the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 differed depending on the local environment. The height (H) of P. thunbergii was generally limited in stands closer to the coastline and these trees could fail due to the force of the tsunami. The resistance forces of coastal forests to tsunamis are expressed as critical turning moments and measured by tree-pulling experiments. However, few studies have focused on the differences in the critical turning moment between stands with locally different environmental conditions among P. thunbergii coastal forests. We determined the differences in the critical turning moments of P. thunbergii in two contrasting sites having different distances from the coastline. We also estimated the tolerance of P. thunbergii in the two sites against loading from tsunami. Two experimental plots, sea-side and land-side, in a coastal P. thunbergii forest were established with different depths of the water table belowground and wind forces. In both plots, the aboveground traits, including the diameter at breast height (DBH), and H × DBH2 of P. thunbergii, were positively correlated with the critical turning moments. In particular, when P. thunbergii had the same H × DBH2 between the plots, there were no differences in the critical turning moments. This result suggested that P. thunbergii at the sea-side had acclimated for 50 years to their environment by changing shallow tap roots for shallower belowground water and developing horizontal roots for strong winds. The depth of the center point of rotation was significantly deeper and was positively correlated with moments in the land-side plot, suggesting changes from a tap root system to a plate root system in the sea-side plot with a shallower water table. The estimated loading from the tsunami with a 2 m wave height was over the critical turning moments for both plots. P. thunbergii trees at the sea-side plot could be more susceptible to overturning by lower-height waves than at the land-side plot because of differences in aboveground traits of H × DBH. We propose that the practical management of coastal forests is to create an embankment by raising the ground level to develop tree growth with capable of enhanced resilience to tsunamis.

ACS Style

Chikage Todo; Chie Tokoro; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Mizue Ohashi; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Masako Dannoura; Kouhei Miyatani; Ryuusei Doi; Yasuhiro Hirano. Stability of Pinus thunbergii between two contrasting stands at differing distances from the coastline. Forest Ecology and Management 2019, 431, 44 -53.

AMA Style

Chikage Todo, Chie Tokoro, Keitaro Yamase, Toko Tanikawa, Mizue Ohashi, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Masako Dannoura, Kouhei Miyatani, Ryuusei Doi, Yasuhiro Hirano. Stability of Pinus thunbergii between two contrasting stands at differing distances from the coastline. Forest Ecology and Management. 2019; 431 ():44-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chikage Todo; Chie Tokoro; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Mizue Ohashi; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Masako Dannoura; Kouhei Miyatani; Ryuusei Doi; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2019. "Stability of Pinus thunbergii between two contrasting stands at differing distances from the coastline." Forest Ecology and Management 431, no. : 44-53.

Correction
Published: 02 May 2018 in Plant and Soil
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ACS Style

Yasuhiro Hirano; Chikage Todo; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Masako Dannoura; Mizue Ohashi; Ryuusei Doi; Ryusei Wada; Hidetoshi Ikeno. Correction to: Quantification of the contrasting root systems of Pinus thunbergii in soils with different groundwater levels in a coastal forest in Japan. Plant and Soil 2018, 427, 393 -394.

AMA Style

Yasuhiro Hirano, Chikage Todo, Keitaro Yamase, Toko Tanikawa, Masako Dannoura, Mizue Ohashi, Ryuusei Doi, Ryusei Wada, Hidetoshi Ikeno. Correction to: Quantification of the contrasting root systems of Pinus thunbergii in soils with different groundwater levels in a coastal forest in Japan. Plant and Soil. 2018; 427 (1-2):393-394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasuhiro Hirano; Chikage Todo; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Masako Dannoura; Mizue Ohashi; Ryuusei Doi; Ryusei Wada; Hidetoshi Ikeno. 2018. "Correction to: Quantification of the contrasting root systems of Pinus thunbergii in soils with different groundwater levels in a coastal forest in Japan." Plant and Soil 427, no. 1-2: 393-394.

Regular article
Published: 27 March 2018 in Plant and Soil
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The different root systems of Pinus thunbergii observed after the tsunami in 2011 were possibly influenced by different groundwater levels before the tsunami. The aims of this study were to quantify the tap and horizontal root structure and evaluate their relationship with the above-ground parts under different groundwater levels in a coastal P. thunbergii forest. Two plots, sea- and land-side, with different groundwater levels, in a P. thunbergii stand, were established, and the entire root-systems of three select trees each were harvested to evaluate the biomass, lengths, and cross-sectional areas of the tap and horizontal roots. In the sea-side plot, which had a shallower groundwater level, plate root systems with thicker and longer horizontal roots, but fewer tap roots were observed, whereas tap root systems were well developed in the land-side plots, where the groundwater level was deeper. The root-to- shoot ratio was significantly higher in the sea-side plot than in the land-side plot. We confirmed that quantitative contrasting root systems of P. thunbergii develop under different groundwater levels and higher biomass allocation to horizontal roots occur under shallower groundwater depths, emphasizing the need for management practices that promote the development of tap root systems to enhance resistance to tsunamis.

ACS Style

Yasuhiro Hirano; Chikage Todo; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Masako Dannoura; Mizue Ohashi; Ryuusei Doi; Ryusei Wada; Hidetoshi Ikeno. Quantification of the contrasting root systems of Pinus thunbergii in soils with different groundwater levels in a coastal forest in Japan. Plant and Soil 2018, 426, 327 -337.

AMA Style

Yasuhiro Hirano, Chikage Todo, Keitaro Yamase, Toko Tanikawa, Masako Dannoura, Mizue Ohashi, Ryuusei Doi, Ryusei Wada, Hidetoshi Ikeno. Quantification of the contrasting root systems of Pinus thunbergii in soils with different groundwater levels in a coastal forest in Japan. Plant and Soil. 2018; 426 (1-2):327-337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasuhiro Hirano; Chikage Todo; Keitaro Yamase; Toko Tanikawa; Masako Dannoura; Mizue Ohashi; Ryuusei Doi; Ryusei Wada; Hidetoshi Ikeno. 2018. "Quantification of the contrasting root systems of Pinus thunbergii in soils with different groundwater levels in a coastal forest in Japan." Plant and Soil 426, no. 1-2: 327-337.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2018 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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Ongoing global warming has triggered extreme climate events of increasing magnitude and frequency. Under this effect, a series of extreme climate events such as drought and increased rainfall during the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are expected to be amplified in the coming years. Adequate mapping of regions with climate-sensitive vegetation and its associated time lag is required for appropriate mitigation planning to avoid potential negative ecological impacts towards vegetation. In this study, ENSO and climate indicator time series data, for example, Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data for rainfall were linked with long-term time series vegetation proxies from remote sensing (RS proxies). ENSO- and rainfall-sensitive areas were identified from each RS proxy using the bivariate Granger test, and the areas identified by multiple RS proxies were taken to identify climate-sensitive regions in Indonesia. Of the biome types in Indonesia, savanna was the most sensitive, with approximately 53% of the total savanna area in Indonesia shown to be sensitive to ENSO and rainfall by two or more RS proxies. Rolling correlation analysis also found that the ENSO effect on the vegetation region after rainfall was positively correlated with the RS proxies with a time lag of +5 months. Therefore, rainfall can be taken as a proxy of the effects of ENSO on the temporal dynamics of sensitive vegetation regions in Indonesia.

ACS Style

Sanjiwana Arjasakusuma; Yasushi Yamaguchi; Yasuhiro Hirano; Xiang Zhou. ENSO- and Rainfall-Sensitive Vegetation Regions in Indonesia as Identified from Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2018, 7, 103 .

AMA Style

Sanjiwana Arjasakusuma, Yasushi Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro Hirano, Xiang Zhou. ENSO- and Rainfall-Sensitive Vegetation Regions in Indonesia as Identified from Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2018; 7 (3):103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanjiwana Arjasakusuma; Yasushi Yamaguchi; Yasuhiro Hirano; Xiang Zhou. 2018. "ENSO- and Rainfall-Sensitive Vegetation Regions in Indonesia as Identified from Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 3: 103.

Regular article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Plant and Soil
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Fine root respiration (Rr) is closely linked with fine root morphology, especially with specific root length (SRL), in short-term measurements in some tree species. However, whether these relationships are also valid across different stands and seasons is not yet known. This study aimed to investigate these relationships in the fine roots of Chamaecyparis obtusa. The Rr, mean root diameter, and SRL of fine root segments of two C. obtusa stands were determined every three months over two years. We detected significant positive correlations between Rr and SRL of fine root segments across the stands over two years. The relationship of Rr with SRL was stronger than that with the mean diameter of fine roots. The slopes and intercepts for the Rr and SRL relationships did not differ among stands and measurement times. Further, we proposed a simple approach for estimating CO2 flux from fine roots at the stand level based on SRL and confirmed that the ranges of estimated CO2 values were comparable with those of values reported using the conventional approach. The fine root morphology typified by SRL is a key variable in Rr of fine roots and CO2 flux at the stand level.

ACS Style

Kouhei Miyatani; Toko Tanikawa; Naoki Makita; Yasuhiro Hirano. Relationships between specific root length and respiration rate of fine roots across stands and seasons in Chamaecyparis obtusa. Plant and Soil 2017, 423, 215 -227.

AMA Style

Kouhei Miyatani, Toko Tanikawa, Naoki Makita, Yasuhiro Hirano. Relationships between specific root length and respiration rate of fine roots across stands and seasons in Chamaecyparis obtusa. Plant and Soil. 2017; 423 (1-2):215-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kouhei Miyatani; Toko Tanikawa; Naoki Makita; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2017. "Relationships between specific root length and respiration rate of fine roots across stands and seasons in Chamaecyparis obtusa." Plant and Soil 423, no. 1-2: 215-227.

Regular article
Published: 28 March 2017 in Plant and Soil
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We aimed to clarify the intraspecific variation in the morphological traits of branch orders under different soil conditions in Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. We investigated the morphological traits of branch orders, based on 16,351 individual roots that were dissected from 12 intact fine root systems, up to a diameter of 2 mm at three C. obtusa stands. We also measured the concentrations of soil carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic nitrogen. The intact fine root systems up to the diameter of 2 mm had branched into between five and seven orders. The diameter of first- to fourth-order roots and the lengths of second- and third-order roots were significantly different among the three stands. The morphological traits of lower order (first to third) roots correlated with soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations, but higher order (fourth to sixth) roots correlated with soil carbon concentrations. We clarified the possible ranges of intraspecific variation in the morphological traits of root branch orders within C. obtusa. Both the lower and higher orders of the intact fine root systems were tightly related to the surrounding soil conditions.

ACS Style

Ryuusei Doi; Toko Tanikawa; Kouhei Miyatani; Yasuhiro Hirano. Intraspecific variation in morphological traits of root branch orders in Chamaecyparis obtusa. Plant and Soil 2017, 416, 503 -513.

AMA Style

Ryuusei Doi, Toko Tanikawa, Kouhei Miyatani, Yasuhiro Hirano. Intraspecific variation in morphological traits of root branch orders in Chamaecyparis obtusa. Plant and Soil. 2017; 416 (1):503-513.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryuusei Doi; Toko Tanikawa; Kouhei Miyatani; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2017. "Intraspecific variation in morphological traits of root branch orders in Chamaecyparis obtusa." Plant and Soil 416, no. 1: 503-513.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Forest Ecology and Management
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ACS Style

Toko Tanikawa; Ayaka Sobue; Yasuhiro Hirano. Acidification processes in soils with different acid buffering capacity in Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa forests over two decades. Forest Ecology and Management 2014, 334, 284 -292.

AMA Style

Toko Tanikawa, Ayaka Sobue, Yasuhiro Hirano. Acidification processes in soils with different acid buffering capacity in Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa forests over two decades. Forest Ecology and Management. 2014; 334 ():284-292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toko Tanikawa; Ayaka Sobue; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2014. "Acidification processes in soils with different acid buffering capacity in Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa forests over two decades." Forest Ecology and Management 334, no. : 284-292.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2012 in Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
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ACS Style

Aiko Nakano; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Toshifumi Kimura; Hiromichi Sakamoto; Masako Dannoura; Yasuhiro Hirano; Naoki Makita; Leena Finér; Mizue Ohashi. Automated analysis of fine-root dynamics using a series of digital images. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 2012, 175, 775 -783.

AMA Style

Aiko Nakano, Hidetoshi Ikeno, Toshifumi Kimura, Hiromichi Sakamoto, Masako Dannoura, Yasuhiro Hirano, Naoki Makita, Leena Finér, Mizue Ohashi. Automated analysis of fine-root dynamics using a series of digital images. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 2012; 175 (5):775-783.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aiko Nakano; Hidetoshi Ikeno; Toshifumi Kimura; Hiromichi Sakamoto; Masako Dannoura; Yasuhiro Hirano; Naoki Makita; Leena Finér; Mizue Ohashi. 2012. "Automated analysis of fine-root dynamics using a series of digital images." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 175, no. 5: 775-783.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2012 in Plant and Soil
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Tree roots in forest soils can be detected using nondestructive ground-penetrating radar (GPR). However, few studies have investigated root detection frequency; i.e., how many and which roots are identified in a radar profile out of the total quantity of roots present in a forest stand. The objective of this study was to quantify root detection frequency and uncertainty, including relationships between root detection and radar parameters using 1.5 GHz GPR in a Pinus thunbergii forest on sandy soils. We compared the vertical distribution of 829 excavated roots with distributions identified visually in radar profiles using GPR on 17 transects. The detection frequency for number of roots less than 1.0 cm in diameter was only 6.6 %, but 54 % of roots that were larger than 1.0 cm were detected. Roots larger than 2.0 cm were identified with less frequency by GPR at deeper depths (20–30 cm) than were shallower roots. Our study indicates that GPR methods estimate root biomass to be 68 % of the excavated root biomass and that the detection frequency for number of roots in radar profiles using GPR is related to root biomass, although there is uncertainty in the attenuation of radar waves with depth, soil water condition and root orientation.

ACS Style

Yasuhiro Hirano; Rika Yamamoto; Masako Dannoura; Kenji Aono; Tetsurou Igarashi; Masahiro Ishii; Keitaro Yamase; Naoki Makita; Yoichi Kanazawa. Detection frequency of Pinus thunbergii roots by ground-penetrating radar is related to root biomass. Plant and Soil 2012, 360, 363 -373.

AMA Style

Yasuhiro Hirano, Rika Yamamoto, Masako Dannoura, Kenji Aono, Tetsurou Igarashi, Masahiro Ishii, Keitaro Yamase, Naoki Makita, Yoichi Kanazawa. Detection frequency of Pinus thunbergii roots by ground-penetrating radar is related to root biomass. Plant and Soil. 2012; 360 (1-2):363-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasuhiro Hirano; Rika Yamamoto; Masako Dannoura; Kenji Aono; Tetsurou Igarashi; Masahiro Ishii; Keitaro Yamase; Naoki Makita; Yoichi Kanazawa. 2012. "Detection frequency of Pinus thunbergii roots by ground-penetrating radar is related to root biomass." Plant and Soil 360, no. 1-2: 363-373.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2011 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Fine roots form one of the most significant components contributing to carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. We study here the effect of variation in root diameter classes, sampling depth and the inclusion of understorey vegetation root biomass in fine root biomass (FRB) estimates. The FRB estimates for different forest biomes are updated using a database of 512 forest stands compiled from the literature. We also investigate the relationships between environmental or forest stand variables and fine root biomass (≤2 mm in diameter) at the stand (g m−2) and tree level (g tree−1). The FRB estimates extrapolated for the whole rooting depth were 526 ± 321 g m−2, 775 ± 474 g m−2 and 776 ± 518 g m−2 for boreal, temperate and tropical forests, respectively, and were 26–67% higher than those based on the original sampling depths used. We found significant positive correlations between ≤1 and ≤2 mm diameter roots and between ≤2 and ≤5 mm roots. The FRB estimates, standardized to the ≤2 mm diameter class, were 34–60% higher and 25–29% smaller than those standardized to the ≤1 mm and ≤5 mm diameter classes, respectively. The FRB of the understorey vegetation accounted for 31% of the total FRB in boreal forests and 20% in temperate forests. The results indicate that environmental factors (latitude, mean annual precipitation, elevation, temperature) or forest stand factors (life form, age, basal area, density) can not explain a significant amount of the variation in the total FRB and a maximum of 30% that in the FRB of trees at the stand level, whereas the mean basal area of the forest stand can explain 49% of the total FRB and 79% of the FRB of trees at the tree level.

ACS Style

Leena Finér; Mizue Ohashi; Kyotaro Noguchi; Yasuhiro Hirano. Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 2011, 261, 265 -277.

AMA Style

Leena Finér, Mizue Ohashi, Kyotaro Noguchi, Yasuhiro Hirano. Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management. 2011; 261 (2):265-277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leena Finér; Mizue Ohashi; Kyotaro Noguchi; Yasuhiro Hirano. 2011. "Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystems." Forest Ecology and Management 261, no. 2: 265-277.