A petroleum ether extract (PEE) and a methanolic extract (ME) of aerial parts of Salvia bicolor Desf were prepared, and their chemical compositions and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. GC/MS analysis of the PEE revealed the presence of 20 compounds in the unsaponifiable matter, among which β-sitosterol and β-amyrin (constituting 24.75% and 15.62%, respectively) were the main constituents, and 21 fatty acids, with linolenic acid and erucic acid being the main fatty acid constituents (21.65% and 16.65%, respectively). HPLC/MS analysis of the methanol extract for individual phenolics revealed the presence of 14 phenolic acids; protocatchuic acid was predominant (75.22 mg/g dry sample), followed by p-coumaric, gallic and synergic acids (70.27, 68.26 and 54.38 mg/g dry weight, respectively). HPLC/MS analysis of flavonoid contents revealed the presence of five flavonoid compounds, among which luteolin 7-O-glucoside and apigenin were the major constituents (120.25 mg/100g dry sample and 88.48 mg/100g dry sample, respectively). The antioxidant activities of both extracts were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the total antioxidant capacity was determined in terms of GAE (gallic acid equivalents). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were evaluated using the rat paw edema and hot plate testing methods, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of both the PEE and ME were examined by means of the disk-diffusion method. The Salvia bicolor PEE and ME exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, in addition to antimicrobial effects against the selected microorganisms.

Many species belonging to Cucurbitaceae family have long been regarded as food, medicinal plants, or both. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Citrullus colocynthis L., Cucumis sativus L. and Momordica charantia L. herbs showed the presence of phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis of total phenolic compounds using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent revealed the presence of 50.87 mg GAE g⁻¹, 56.58 mg GAE g⁻¹ and 42.36 mg GAE g⁻¹ in C. colocynthis L., C. sativus L. and M. charantia L. herbs, respectively. HPLC analysis of phenolic content showed the presence of chlorogenic acid (16.3 mg per 100g dry sample and 27.7 mg per 100 g⁻¹ dry samples in C. colocynthis L. and C. sativus L., respectively) and gallic acid (26.7 mg per 100 g dry sample) as a major phenolic acids in M. charantia L. herb. The antioxidant activity of the herb of plants under investigation was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and total antioxidant capacity was determined in terms of GAE. This study showed that C. sativus L. is the most active antioxidant, followed by C. colocynthis L., while M. charantia L. has the least antioxidant activity.

Two new sesquiterpenoids belonging to the guaiane, 4α,9α,10α-trihydroxyguaia-11(13)en-12,6α-olide (1), and germacrane, 9β-hydroxyparthenolide-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), classes have been isolated from the leaves of the Saudi medicinal plant Anvillea garcinii along with seven known compounds (3–9). The structures of the new metabolites were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The antimicrobial properties of 1–9 were screened against seven different pathogenic microbes, and compounds 1–3 showed a potent antifungal activity.